DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-10674-0
PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38355546
تاريخ النشر: 2024-02-14
أثر أنماط القيادة على نية ترك العمل بين الممرضات في المستشفيات الخاصة: تأثير الدعم التنظيمي المدرك كعامل معتدل
الملخص
لقد ثبت أن أنماط القيادة تدعم الموظفين في أداء واجباتهم بشكل أفضل وبكفاءة أكبر، مما يمكنهم من الحصول على فترات عمل طويلة في المنظمة. تعتبر الممرضات العاملات في المستشفيات موردًا أساسيًا لضمان الإدارة السليمة وجودة الرعاية الصحية للمرضى. تهدف الدراسة إلى تحديد كيفية تأثير أنماط القيادة التحويلية والأصيلة على نية مغادرة الممرضات العاملات في المستشفيات الخاصة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تبحث أيضًا في تأثير الدعم التنظيمي المدرك. تم استخدام تصميم بحث كمي تفسيري مع تحقيق مقطعي واستراتيجية أخذ عينات طبقية للدراسة. تم جمع بيانات من 296 ممرضة من ثمانية مستشفيات خاصة مختارة في مملكة البحرين باستخدام استبيان يحتوي على 24 عنصرًا. تم استخدام Smart-PLS لإجراء PLS-SEM (نمذجة المعادلات الهيكلية باستخدام المربعات الصغرى الجزئية) لقياس التأثيرات المباشرة وغير المباشرة. تشير النتائج إلى أن أنماط القيادة التحويلية والأصيلة والدعم التنظيمي المدرك تؤثر سلبًا بشكل كبير على نية مغادرة الممرضات. تؤكد الدراسة على التأثير السلبي المعتدل للدعم التنظيمي المدرك بين القيادة التحويلية ونية المغادرة، والتأثير الإيجابي المعتدل للدعم التنظيمي المدرك بين القيادة الأصيلة ونية المغادرة. يجب على المديرين التركيز على نمط القيادة لتجنب تأثيره على نية المغادرة. من خلال النظر في ممارسات الموارد البشرية مثل استراتيجيات الاتصال والتدريب للتعامل مع التأثير السلبي لنية المغادرة، يمكن للمنظمات تعزيز مشاركة الموظفين، وتحسين رضاهم الوظيفي، وتعزيز بيئة عمل أكثر استقرارًا وإنتاجية. كشفت الأبحاث الحالية عن التأثير السلبي لنية المغادرة داخل المستشفيات من خلال دراسة ارتباطها بأنماط القيادة. قدمت الدراسة مساهمة كبيرة في الأدبيات الحالية من خلال التعمق في تأثير أنماط القيادة على نية المغادرة، مع التركيز على التأثير المعتدل للدعم التنظيمي المدرك. تسلط نتائج الدراسة الضوء على العلاقة المعقدة بين ممارسات القيادة ودوران الموظفين، مما يوفر رؤى قيمة لكل من الباحثين والممارسين في هذا المجال. استخدمت الدراسة تصميمًا مقطعيًا لجمع البيانات وضمنت غياب تباين الطريقة القياسية. عززت الأبحاث نظرية الهيمنة الاجتماعية (SDT) من خلال دراسة كيفية تأثير الدعم التنظيمي المدرك على العلاقة بين أنماط القيادة ونية المغادرة.
مقدمة
تقرير دراسة النمو الاقتصادي يخفف من فقدان 18 مليون عامل صحي. وفقًا لمنظمة الصحة العالمية، لتحقيق الهدف الثالث من أهداف التنمية المستدامة، وبالنظر إلى جميع العاملين في مجال الرعاية الصحية على مستوى العالم، سيكون هناك طلب على 9 ملايين ممرض ومربية إضافية بحلول عام 2030، من بينهم
و التأثير الوسيط للدعم التنظيمي المدرك. علاوة على ذلك، تسهم هذه الدراسة نظريًا من خلال التعمق في الديناميات المعقدة بين أنماط القيادة، وخاصة TLE و ALE، ونوايا الممرضات في سياق المستشفيات الخاصة في البحرين. مع الاعتراف بنقص الأبحاث في هذا المجال المحدد، تعالج الدراسة فجوة حاسمة من خلال فحص تأثير أنماط القيادة على نوايا الممرضات، مع الأخذ في الاعتبار المشهد الاجتماعي والاقتصادي والرعاية الصحية الفريد في البحرين. علاوة على ذلك، تقدم الدراسة مفهوم الدعم التنظيمي المدرك كعامل وسيط في العلاقة بين أنماط القيادة ونوايا الممرضات. مستندة إلى SDT، تستكشف الدراسة كيف تؤثر TLE و ALE، بأبعادها المميزة، على نوايا الممرضات للرحيل وكيف يخفف الدعم التنظيمي المدرك من هذا التأثير. من خلال القيام بذلك، لا تثري الورقة الأدبيات حول نوايا الدوران فحسب، بل تقدم أيضًا رؤى قيمة للمنظمات الصحية في البحرين التي تهدف إلى تعزيز استراتيجيات الاحتفاظ بالموظفين في ظل النقص العالمي في العاملين في مجال الرعاية الصحية.
مراجعة الأدبيات
ستؤدي المشكلات الرئيسية في مكان العمل مثل انخفاض رضا العمل، وضعف قيادة الممرضين والأطباء، وبيئة العمل المجهدة، وعبء العمل المعقد إلى ترك الممرضات للمستشفى [29]. لا تستند نية الممرضات للرحيل إلى الثقافة أو الثروة أو عوامل الأسرة؛ ذكر مجيد وجمشيد (2021) [32] أنه لا يمكننا تجاهل وجهة نظر نية الممرضات للرحيل بسبب نمط القيادة، الذي يختلف من بلد إلى آخر. وفقًا لدوهيرتي وهانتر ريفيل (2020) [33]، هناك القليل من الدراسات حول الممرضات التي تتعامل مع أنماط القيادة (ALE). لذلك، من الضروري إجراء أبحاث مكثفة حول نمط القيادة لضمان الاحتفاظ بالموظفين المهرة في نظام الرعاية الصحية [34].
في القيادة، هناك نمطان رئيسيان، TLE والقيادة التبادلية، هما نمطان مألوفان عادة ما يظهرهما القادة. تتوفر الكثير من الأدبيات حول السلوك التنظيمي و TLE [35]. وفقًا لبيكولو وكولكويت (2006) [36]، تصر بعض الدراسات على الدوران بدلاً من نية الابتكار، ورضا العمل، وفعالية القائد، وتقييمات الأداء الموضوعية والذاتية،
و تحسينات الجودة. ستؤثر نتائج القيادة التبادلية على تصورات الثقة في القيادة والعدالة. الوضع هو العامل الحاسم في أنماط القيادة [37].
الخلفية النظرية وتطوير الفرضيات
نظرية الهيمنة الاجتماعية
القيادة التحولية ونية الدوران
البناء | المتغيرات | المصادر |
القيادة التحولية (TLE) | الاعتبار الفردي (ICO) | (باس وأفوليو ب. ج.، 1994) |
التأثير المثالي (IIN) | ||
التحفيز الملهم (IMO) | ||
التحفيز الفكري (ISI) | ||
القيادة الأصيلة (ALE) | المعالجة المتوازنة (BPR)، | (أفوليو وغاردنر، 2005؛ كيرنيس، 2003) |
المنظور الأخلاقي الداخلي (IMP)، | ||
الشفافية العلائقية (RTR) | ||
الوعي الذاتي (SAW) |
(أيزنبرغر وآخرون، 1986)
و يتجاوزون وعيهم الذاتي. يرتبط IIN سلبًا بنوايا الموظفين للرحيل، مما يعني أن IIN سيقلل من نوايا الموظفين للرحيل [36].
تشير القيادة الملهمة إلى قدرة القادة على استشعار الهدف والدافع وإلهام الثقة في المتابعين لتحقيق الأهداف والتغلب على التحديات [45]. في القيادة الملهمة، يعبر القائد عن المهمة المطروحة، ويقدر الذات، ويركز على الآخرين، ويكون صادقًا، ويتمتع بنزاهة عالية، ويظهر قيادة ثابتة واتصالًا ممتازًا، ويعرض IMO قويًا [48]. علاوة على ذلك، يشجع القادة الملهمون خيال الموظفين وقدرتهم وابتكارهم وإبداعهم والتفكير النقدي وحل المشكلات بشكل عقلاني [49]. سيؤدي زيادة رضا الموظفين العام في منظمة ما إلى تقليل TIN. أكد كيم وكيم (2018) [50] أن ISI يؤثر إيجابيًا على رضا العمل. وبناءً عليه، يُفترض أن:
القيادة الأصيلة ونية التغيير
RTR تشمل مكونات حاسمة يعرضها القادة، مثل تطوير الثقة، ومشاركة الثقة الحقيقية، ومشاركة المشاعر، والعواطف المناسبة [56]. ذكر مالك زاده ف (2019) [57] أن RTR يؤذي TIN و
عدم الأمان الوظيفي. وبالتالي، فإن زيادة RTR ستقلل من TIN. في القيادة، ستمنع SAW القائد من مقارنة خصائص شخص بآخر؛ يتم التعامل مع جميع الموظفين بشكل فريد من قبل القادة [44]. علاوة على ذلك، ستحسن SAW لـ ALE من الوظائف الاجتماعية والعاطفية. وفقًا لجياو وآخرون (2020) [58]، تزيد SAW من الالتزام التنظيمي وتقلل من TIN. لذلك، يُفترض أن:
H2. هناك تأثير سلبي كبير لـ ALE على TIN الممرضات في المستشفيات الخاصة في البحرين
الدعم التنظيمي المدرك ونية التغيير
H3. هناك تأثير سلبي كبير للدعم التنظيمي المدرك على TIN الممرضات في المستشفيات الخاصة في البحرين
الدور المعتدل للدعم التنظيمي المدرك
المديرين على تجنب صراع الموظفين، وتصحيح البيئة غير الصحية في المستشفى، وفتح التواصل المتبادل والثقة، وتقليل نية الممرضات في مغادرة المستشفى الحالي [65]. لذلك، يُفترض أن:
H4. هناك تأثير معتدل كبير للدعم التنظيمي المدرك بين TLE وTIN الممرضات في المستشفيات الخاصة في البحرين
H1- التأثير السلبي الكبير لـ TLE (ICO وIIN وIMO وISI) على TIN الممرضات.
H2- التأثير السلبي الكبير لـ ALE (BPR وIMP وRTR وSAW) على TIN الممرضات.
H3- التأثير السلبي الكبير للدعم التنظيمي المدرك على TIN الممرضات.
H4 وH5- التأثير المعتدل للدعم التنظيمي المدرك بين TLE وALE على TIN الممرضات.
المواد والأساليب
منطقة الدراسة
العينة وجمع البيانات

القياس والطريقة
نظرًا لأنه يمكّنهم من فحص نماذج كبيرة تحتوي على مسارات هيكلية عديدة، ومتغيرات كامنة، ومؤشرات، وبناءات دون التركيز على افتراضات توزيع البيانات، فإن نموذج المعادلات الهيكلية باستخدام Smart-PLS يحظى بشعبية كبيرة بين الباحثين حاليًا. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن PLS-SEM (نموذج المعادلات الهيكلية باستخدام المربعات الصغرى الجزئية) هو نهج سببي-تنبؤي لنموذج المعادلات الهيكلية يركز على التنبؤ في تقدير النماذج الإحصائية، التي تهدف هياكلها إلى تقديم تفسيرات سببية، وفقًا لـ Sarstedt وآخرين (2019) [70]. كما أن PLS-SEM يتمتع بقوة تنبؤية أعلى من CB-SEM [70]. لذلك، استخدمت الدراسة الحالية PLS-SEM لفحص الفرضيات بناءً على تعقيد النموذج الذي يستخدم تأثير التعديل. ونتيجة لذلك، تم استخدام تقنية البوتستراب (5000) لاستكشاف دلالة الارتباطات بعد موثوقية النموذج. في البداية، تم إجراء التحقق من صحة البيانات باستخدام مؤشرات الموثوقية، والتناسق الداخلي، والصلاحية التقاربية، والصلاحية التمييزية.
المتغيرات | من | ماكس | الانحراف | التفرطح |
ألي | -1.975 | 1.378 | -0.083 | -1.052 |
نقطة البيع | -2.141 | 1.438 | 0.043 | -0.935 |
رقم التعريف الضريبي | -1.828 | 1.380 | -0.012 | -1.192 |
تلي | -1.914 | 1.334 | -0.061 | -1.219 |
ملاءمة النموذج | القيم |
SRMR | 0.078 |
d_ULS | 1.559 |
d_G | 0.998 |
مربع كاي | ١٤٣٧.٣١٣ |
NFI | 0.687 |
النتائج
طبيعة البيانات
جودة ملاءمة النموذج
الموثوقيات والصلاحيات
سي آر | AVE | ألي | نقطة البيع | رقم التعريف الضريبي | تلي | |
ألي | 0.861 | 0.608 | 0.780 | |||
نقطة البيع | 0.896 | 0.520 | 0.821 | 0.721 | ||
رقم التعريف الضريبي | 0.910 | 0.629 | 0.772 | 0.805 | 0.793 | |
تلي | 0.878 | 0.644 | 0.776 | 0.773 | 0.718 | 0.802 |
ألي | نقطة البيع | رقم التعريف الضريبي | تلي | بوزتلي | POSxALE | |
ألي | ||||||
نقطة البيع | 0.882 | |||||
رقم التعريف الضريبي | 0.834 | 0.815 | ||||
تلي | 0.871 | 0.810 | 0.842 | |||
نقطة البيع × تكنولوجيا التعلم | 0.125 | 0.121 | 0.109 | 0.077 | ||
نقاط البيع × ألي | 0.112 | 0.151 | 0.079 | 0.078 | 0.885 |
نمذجة المعادلات الهيكلية (SEM)
اقترح هير وآخرون (2019) [79] أن
تحميل العامل | إحصائيات T (|O/STDEV|) |
|
إحصائيات التوازي (outerVIF) | |
BPR | 0.837 | ٤٩.١٠٦ | 0.000 | 1.781 |
عرض العملة الأولي | 0.806 | ٣٩.٤٥٦ | 0.000 | 1.735 |
آي آي إن | 0.835 | ٣٨.٨٦٥ | 0.000 | 2.081 |
في رأيي | 0.790 | ٣٢.٨٤٨ | 0.000 | 1.743 |
IMP | 0.723 | ٢٤.٤٠٤ | 0.000 | 1.409 |
ISI | 0.777 | 30.555 | 0.000 | 1.535 |
نقطة البيع 1 | 0.783 | ٣٢.٨٤٩ | 0.000 | 2.275 |
POS2 | 0.690 | 19.572 | 0.000 | 1.706 |
POS3 | 0.558 | 10.102 | 0.000 | 1.460 |
POS4 | 0.685 | 21.823 | 0.000 | 1.562 |
POS5 | 0.721 | ٢٤.٧٠٥ | 0.000 | 1.847 |
POS6 | 0.756 | ٢٨.٠٧٦ | 0.000 | ٢.٠١٧ |
POS7 | 0.761 | 30.912 | 0.000 | ٢.٢٨٩ |
POS8 | 0.788 | ٣٥٫٢٩٤ | 0.000 | ٢.١٦٩ |
RTR | 0.802 | ٣٣.٥٤٨ | 0.000 | 1.738 |
منشار | 0.753 | ٢٩.٩٠٣ | 0.000 | 1.565 |
تين1 | 0.813 | ٣٨.٨٧٢ | 0.000 | ٢.٣٧٥ |
تين2 | 0.823 | ٣٧.٩٧٩ | 0.000 | ٢.٢٧١ |
تين3 | 0.830 | ٤٦.٩٦٣ | 0.000 | ٢.٢٤٠ |
تين4 | 0.724 | 19.951 | 0.000 | 1.647 |
تين5 | 0.818 | ٣٩.٢٣٩ | 0.000 | ٢.١٧٣ |
تين6 | 0.744 | ٢٦.٥٨٨ | 0.000 | 1.785 |


في الجدول 7، تشير قيم معامل المسار إلى أن H1 مدعوم
معامل بيتا | إحصائيات تي |
|
قرار | |
ألي
|
0.281 | ٤.٠٦٣ | 0.000 | مدعوم |
نقطة البيع -> رقم التعريف الضريبي | 0.448 | 6.159 | 0.000 | مدعوم |
TLE-> TIN | 0.166 | ٢.٥٨٨ | 0.010 | مدعوم |
POSxTLE->TIN | 0.225 | ٣.٢٧٤ | 0.001 | مدعوم |
POSxALE->TIN | -0.177 | ٢.٥٦١ | 0.010 | مدعوم |
وستقلل ALE الفعالة من TIN الممرضات. H3 مدعوم (
H4 مدعوم (
نقاش
علاوة على ذلك، يعتبر TLE، خارج إطار IMO، العواقب الأخلاقية والمهنية للقرارات. سيؤثر ذلك على الموظفين وقد يمنع بشكل كبير السلوك غير المرغوب فيه للموظفين، بما في ذلك TIN [48]. وبالمثل، يهدف TLE إلى زيادة الموظف
التحفيز من خلال تعزيز شعور بالأخلاقيات المشتركة وهُوية أخلاقية إيجابية، مما يشجعهم على العمل لصالح الشركة لأطول فترة ممكنة. أخيرًا، يقوم قائد TLE بتحفيز ISI من خلال إعادة فحص الافتراضات الأساسية للتشكيك في ملاءمتها. وبالتالي، تؤكد هذه الدراسة النتائج في الأدبيات السابقة التي زعمت وجود تأثير سلبي كبير لـ TLE وTIN الممرضين للموظفين في منظمة.
الآثار
الآثار النظرية
الآثار العملية
الآثار الإدارية
الآثار الاجتماعية
الآثار الاقتصادية
تداول الموظفين في قطاع الرعاية الصحية. يتسبب تداول الموظفين في تكبد تكاليف متنوعة، وفي صناعة تعاني من نقص الموارد مثل الرعاية الصحية، تكتسب هذه التكاليف أهمية فريدة. تشير الدراسة إلى أن اعتماد أنماط القيادة الفعالة، المستندة إلى نتائج البحث، يمكن أن يخفف من الأثر الاقتصادي لتداول الموظفين. حيث أن الاحتفاظ بالموظفين أمر ضروري لأداء المنظمة واستقرارها الاقتصادي، توفر الدراسة رؤى قيمة للمنظمات الصحية وتساهم في الصحة الاقتصادية الأوسع للأمة.
الخاتمة
القيود والتوصيات
معلومات إضافية
مساهمات المؤلفين
الرسوم البيانية نيدي – المنظور النظري، والآثار شابانا – مراجعة الأدبيات والرسوم البيانية.
التمويل
توفر البيانات والمواد
الإعلانات
موافقة الأخلاقيات والموافقة على المشاركة
الموافقة على النشر
المصالح المتنافسة
تفاصيل المؤلف
نشر على الإنترنت: 14 فبراير 2024
References
- Yogeshwar VB. Leadership Development. In: Strength Scape. 2022. https://strengthscape.com/leadership-development/. Accessed 25 Aug 2022.
- Garrison C. 10 Positive and Negative Traits That All Personality Types Can Have. In: Truity. https://www.truity.com/blog/10-positive-and-negative-traits-all-personality-types-can-have . 2022 .Accessed 18 Jul 2022.
- Ely RJ, Thomas DA. Getting Serious About Diversity: Enough Already with the Business Case. In: Harv. Bus. Rev. 2020. https://hbr.org/2020/11/ getting-serious-about-diversity-enough-already-with-the-business-case. Accessed 15 Jan 2022.
- MacDonald L. (2021) The Effects of a Manager’s Leadership Style. In: Chron. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/effects-managers-leadership-style-15328.html . Accessed 12 Jun 2022.
- Khaola P, Rambe P. The effects of transformational leadership on organisational citizenship behaviour: the role of organisational justice and affective commitment. Manag Res Rev. 2021;44:1-12. https://doi.org/10. 1108/MRR-07-2019-0323.
- Gemeda HK, Lee J. Leadership styles, work engagement and outcomes among information and communications technology professionals: a cross-national study. Heliyon. 2020;6:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliy on.2020.e03699.
- Sankar JP. Impact of quality of work life on job satisfaction: a Case Study on Staff nurses of Thiruvallur District of Tamil Nadu. Int J Innov Res Manag Stud. 2018;3:1-7.
- Sainidis E, Brown G. The application of Industry 4.0 in continuous professional development (CPD). In: Strategy, Leadership, and AI in the Cyber Ecosystem: The Role of Digital Societies in Information Governance and Decision Making. 2020: pp 307-320.
- Kurtessis JN, Eisenberger R, Ford MT, et al. Perceived organizational support: a Meta-Analytic evaluation of Organizational Support Theory. J Manage. 2017;43:1-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315575554.
- Baquero A, Delgado B, Escortell R, Sapena J. Authentic leadership and job satisfaction: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Sustain. 2019;11:1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082412.
- Eisenberger R, Malone GP, Presson WD. Optimizing perceived organizational support to enhance employee engagement. Soc Hum Resour Manag Soc Ind Organ Psychol. 2016;2:1-22.
- Puhakka IJA, Nokelainen P, Pylväs L. Learning or leaving? Individual and Environmental Factors Related to job satisfaction and turnover intention. Vocat Learn. 2021;14:1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-021-09275-3.
- Alhamwan M , Mat NB , Muala IA. The impact of organizational factors on nurses turnover intention behavior at Public Hospitals in Jordan: how does Leadership, Career Advancement and pay-level influence the turnover intention behavior among nurses. J Manag Sustain. 2015;5:154-61. https://doi.org/10.5539/jms.v5n2p154.
- Saarikko T, Westergren UH, Blomquist T. Digital transformation: five recommendations for the digitally conscious firm. Bus Horiz. 2020;63:82539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.07.005.
- Half R. (2022) 3 serious consequences of a bad hire. In: Robert Half. https://www.roberthalf.co.uk/advice/recruitment-process/3-serious-consequences-bad-hire . Accessed 5 Aug 2022.
- WHO. (2016) Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2030. Geneva.
- Nursing Now WI. State of the world’s nursing 2020: investing in education, jobs and leadership. 2020.
- World Data. (2022) Population growth in Bahrain. In: World Data. https:// www.worlddata.info/asia/bahrain/populationgrowth.php .Accessed 15 Jun 2022.
- KPMG. (2021) Cost of Living Report. Manama.
- O’Neill A. (2022) Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Bahrain 2027. 1-27.
- NHRA. (2022) List of Licensed Nurses. In: NHRA Bahrain. https://www. nhra.bh/Departments/HCP/?page=68 . Accessed 30 Sep 2022.
- Zhao Y, Russell DJ, Guthridge S, et al. Costs and effects of higher turnover of nurses and Aboriginal health practitioners and higher use of shortterm nurses in remote Australian primary care services: an observational cohort study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjop en-2018-023906.
- Buchan J, Catton H, Shaffer F. The Global Nursing Workforce and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pennsylvania: ICNM – International Centre on Nurse Migration; 2022.
- Sidanius J, Pratto F. Social Dominance Theory: A New Synthesis. In: Political Psychology. 2019: pp 1-18.
- Bass, Avolio BJ, BM. Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage Publication; 1994.
- Kernis MH. Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychol Inq. 2003;14:1-26.
- Avolio BJ, Gardner WL. Authentic leadership development: getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. Leadersh Q. 2005;16:315-38. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001.
- Baysak B, Yener Mi. The Relationship Between Perceived Leadership Style and Perceived Stress on Hospital Employees. In: Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015: pp 79-89.
- Magbity JB, Ofei AMA, Wilson D. Leadership styles of Nurse managers and turnover intention. Hosp Top. 2020;98:45-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00185868.2020.1750324.
- Puni AA. Leadership styles, employee turnover intentions and counterproductive work behaviours. Int J Innov Res Dev. 2016;5:1-7.
- Kohll A. (2018) 5 Reasons Social Connections Can Enhance Your Employee Wellness Program. In: Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ alankohll/2018/01/31/5-ways-social-connections-can-enhance-your-employee-wellness-program/?sh=705c7825527c .Accessed 12 Aug 2022.
- Majeed N , Jamshed S . Nursing turnover intentions: the role of leader emotional intelligence and team culture. J Nurs Manag. 2021;29:229-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13144.
- Doherty DP, Hunter Revell SM. Developing nurse leaders: toward a theory of authentic leadership empowerment. Nurs Forum. 2020;55:416-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12446.
- YusufY, Irwan AM. The influence of nurse leadership style on the culture of patient safety incident reporting: a systematic review. Br J Heal Care Manag. 2021;27:1-7.
- Hughes DJ, Lee A, Tian AW, et al. Leadership, creativity, and innovation: a critical review and practical recommendations. Leadersh Q. 2018;29:1288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.03.001.
- Piccolo RF, Colquitt JA. Transformational leadership and job behaviors: the mediating role of core job characteristics. Acad Manag J. 2006;49:324-40.
- Farahnak LR, Ehrhart MG, Torres EM, Aarons GA. The influence of transformational Leadership and Leader attitudes on subordinate attitudes and implementation success. J Leadersh Organ Stud. 2020;27:98-111. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1548051818824529.
- Sharifheravi MG, Shahidi SE, Nik Mahmood NH. Investigating the relationships between leadership style and personnel turnover intention in IT companies in Iran. In: SIGMIS CPR’10 – Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGMIS Computer Personnel Research Conference. 2010: pp 48-54.
- Tian H, Iqbal S, Akhtar S, et al. The impact of transformational Leadership on Employee Retention: mediation and moderation through Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Communication. Front Psychol. 2020;11: 314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00314.
- Steinmann B, Klug HJP, Maier GW. The path is the goal: how transformational leaders enhance followers’ job attitudes and proactive behavior. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2338-49. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02338.
- Alzoubi RHM, Jaaffar AH. Leadership styles, Crisis Management, and Hotel performance: a conceptual perspective of the Jordanian hotel. J Crit Rev. 2020;7:556-62.
- Grošelj
, Černe , Penger S, Grah B. Authentic and transformational leadership and innovative work behaviour: the moderating role of psychological empowerment. Eur J Innov Manag. 2020;24:677-706. https:// doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-10-2019-0294. - Kleynhans DJ, Heyns MM, Stander MW. Authentic leadership and follower trust in the leader: the effect of precariousness. SA J Ind Psychol. 2021;47:a1904. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v47i0.1904.
- Duarte AP, Ribeiro N, Semedo AS, Gomes DR. Authentic Leadership and Improved Individual performance: Affective Commitment and Individual Creativity’s sequential mediation. Front Psychol. 2021;12:1-11. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.675749.
- Nicol AAM, Rounding K, MacIntyre A. The impact of Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing authoritarianism on the relation between person-Organization fit with commitment, satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Pers Individ Dif. 2011;51:893-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid. 2011.07.009.
- Tesi A, Aiello A, Pratto F. How people higher on social dominance orientation deal with hierarchy-attenuating institutions: the person-environment (mis)fit perspective in the grammar of hierarchies. Curr Psychol. 2022;42(2023):26721-34.
- Khalil SH, Sahibzadah S. Leaders’ individualized consideration and employees’ job satisfaction. J Bus Tour. 2017;3:215-23. https://doi.org/10. 34260/jbt.v3i2.81.
- Choi Y, Yoon DJ, Kim D. Leader behavioral integrity and employee in-role performance: the roles of coworker support and job autonomy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerp h17124303.
- Müller JW. Education and inspirational intuition – drivers of innovation. Heliyon. 2021;7:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07923.
- Kim B, Kim BG. Antecedents of turnover intention: focused on employees of corporation including distribution in China, Japan and Korea. J Distrib Sci. 2018;16:13-23. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.16.9.201809.13.
- Laguna M, Walachowska K, Gorgievski-Duijvesteijn MJ, Moriano JA. Authentic leadership and employees’ innovative behaviour: a multilevel investigation in three countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214201.
- Gatling A, Kang HJA, Kim JS. The effects of authentic leadership and organizational commitment on turnover intention. Leadersh Organ Dev J. 2016;37:181-99. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-05-2014-0090.
- Schippers MC, Rus DC. Optimizing decision-making processes in Times of COVID-19: using reflexivity to Counteract Information-Processing failures. Front Psychol. 2021;12:1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.650525.
- Kasa MD, Shamsuddin MF, Yaakob MFM, et al. Exploring the influence of a principal’s internalized moral perspective towards teacher commitment in Malaysian secondary schools. J Educ e-Learning Res. 2020;7:323-33. https://doi.org/10.20448/JOURNAL.509.2020.73.323.333.
- Oh J, Oh S. Authentic leadership and turnover intention: does organizational size matter? Leadersh Organ Dev J. 2017;38:912-26. https:// doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-08-2016-0209.
- Iqbal S, Farid T, Khan MK, et al. Bridging the gap between authentic leadership and employees communal relationships through trust. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerp h17010250.
- Malekzadeh F. The Effect of Authentic Leadership on turnover intention in the Hotel industry: the Mediation Role of Job Insecurity. Eastern Mediterranean University; 2019.
- Giao HNK, Vuong BN, Huan DD, et al. The effect of emotional intelligence on turnover intention and the moderating role of perceived organizational support: evidence from the banking industry of Vietnam. Sustain. 2020;12:1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051857.
- Meyers MC, Adams BG, Sekaja L, et al. Perceived Organizational Support for the Use of Employees’ Strengths and Employee Well-Being: A Cross-Country Comparison. J Happiness Stud. 2019;20:1825-1841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0026-8.
- Sun L. Perceived organizational support: a Literature Review. Int J Hum Resour Stud. 2019;9:155-75. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v9i3.15102.
- Wang Q, Wang C. Reducing turnover intention: perceived organizational support for frontline employees. Front Bus Res China. 2020;14:116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11782-020-00074-6.
- Srivastava S, Agrawal S. Resistance to change and turnover intention: a moderated mediation model of burnout and perceived organizational support. J Organ Chang Manag. 2020;33:1431-47. https://doi.org/10. 1108/JOCM-02-2020-0063.
- Seo JH, Kim SJ, Lee M, Kang JI. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health service use among psychiatric outpatients in a tertiary hospital. J Affect Disord. 2021;290:279-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad. 2021.04.070.
- Poku CA, Donkor E, Naab F. Impacts of nursing work environment on turnover intentions: the mediating role of Burnout in Ghana. Nurs Res Pract. 2022;2022:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1310508.
- Li JH, Chen TW, Lee HF, Shih WM. The effects of emergency room violence toward nurse’s intention to leave-resilience as a mediator. Healthc. 2021;9:1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050507.
- Krejcie RV, Morgan DW. Determining sample size for Research activities. Educ Psychol Meas. 1970;30:607-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 001316447003000308.
- Alban-Metcalfe RJ, Alimo-Metcalfe B. The transformational leadership questionnaire (TLQ-LGV): a convergent and discriminant validation study. Leadersh Organ Dev J. 2000;21:280-96. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 01437730010343077.
- Cervo CS, Mónico L, dos SM, Santos NR, et al. Authentic leadership questionnaire: invariance between samples of Brazilian and Portuguese employees. Psicol Reflex E Crit. 2016;29:1-11. https://doi.org/10. 1186/s41155-016-0046-4.
- Bothma CFC, Roodt G. The validation of the turnover intention scale. SA J Hum Resour Manag. 2013;11:1-12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm. v11i1.507.
- Sarstedt M, Hair JF, Cheah J-H, et al. How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australas Mark J. 2019;27:197-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003.
- Hair J, Black W, Babin B, Anderson R. Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. In: Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. 2010. p 813.
- Kline RB. Principles and practices of structural equation modelling, 4th Editio. New York: The Guilford Press; 2015.
- Byrne BM. Stuctural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic Concept, Applications and Programming, 3rd Editio. London: Routledge; 2016.
- Henseler J, Hubona G, Ray PA. Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Ind Manag Data Syst. 2016;116:220. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382.
- Dijkstra TK, Henseler J. Consistent partial least squares path modeling. MIS Q. 2015;39:297-316.
- Hair J, Hollingsworth CL, Randolph AB, Chong AYL. An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Ind Manag Data Syst. 2017;117:442-58. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IMDS-04-2016-0130.
- Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res. 1981;18:39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312.
- Henseler J, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. J Acad Mark Sci. 2015;43:115-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8.
- Hair JF, Risher JJ, Sarstedt M, Ringle CM. When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. Eur Bus Rev. 2019;31:2-24.
- AI-Suraihi WA, Samikon SA, AI-Suraihi A-HA, Ibrahim I. Employee turnover: causes, Importance and Retention strategies. Eur J Bus Manag Res. 2021;6:1-10. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.3.893.
- Yusliza MY, Noor Faezah J, Ali N, et al. Effects of supportive work environment on employee retention: the mediating role of person-organisation fit. Ind Commer Train. 2021;53:201-6. https://doi.org/10.1108/ ICT-12-2019-0111.
- Budhwar P, Malik A, De Silva MTT, Thevisuthan P. Artificial intelligencechallenges and opportunities for international HRM: a review and research agenda. Int J Hum Resour Manag. 2022;33:1065-97.
- Matande M, Thoyib A, Kurniawati DT. The effect of perceived organizational support and transformational leadership on turnover intention of health workers at Hospital X Mimika Regency Papua. Int J Res Bus Soc Sci. 2022;11:218-28. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i6.1922.
- Baykal E. Mediator effect of perceived organizational support in the relationship between authentic leadership and organizational commitment. Manas J Soc Stud. 2020;9:1674-88.
ملاحظة الناشر
- *المراسلة:
جايينديرا ب. سانكار
jpsankar@utb.edu.bh
القائمة الكاملة لمعلومات المؤلف متاحة في نهاية المقالة
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-10674-0
PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38355546
Publication Date: 2024-02-14
Effect of leadership styles on turnover intention among staff nurses in private hospitals: the moderating effect of perceived organizational support
Abstract
Leadership styles have often been proven to support employees in performing their duties better and with more efficiency while enabling them to have extended organizational tenures. Staff nurses are an essential resource of hospitals to ensure proper administration and quality patient health care. The study aims to determine how transformational and authentic leadership styles affect the staff nurses’ turnover intention in private hospitals. In addition, it also finds the moderating effect of perceived organizational support. An explanatory quantitative research design with a cross-sectional investigation and a stratified sampling strategy was used for the study. Data from 296 nurses from the eight chosen private hospitals in the Kingdom of Bahrain were gathered using a questionnaire with 24 items. Smart-PLS was employed to conduct PLS-SEM (partial least squares structural equation modeling) to measure direct and indirect effects. The result indicates that transformational, authentic leadership styles and perceived organizational support significantly negatively affect nurses’ turnover intention. The study confirms the negative moderating effect of perceived organizational support between transformational leadership and turnover intention and the positive moderating effect of perceived organizational support between authentic leadership and turnover intention. Managers should concentrate on the leadership style to avoid its impact on turnover intention. By considering human resource practices such as communication and training strategies to cope with the negative effect of turnover intention, organizations can enhance employee engagement, improve job satisfaction, and foster a more stable and productive work environment. The present research revealed the adverse impact of turnover intention within hospitals by examining its association with leadership styles. The research made a significant contribution to the existing literature by delving into the impact of leadership styles on turnover intention, focusing on the moderating effect of perceived organizational support. The study’s findings shed light on the intricate relationship between leadership practices and employee turnover, providing valuable insights for both scholars and practitioners in the field. The study used a cross-sectional design to collect data and ensured the absence of standard method variance. The research enhanced the social dominance theory (SDT) by examining how perceived organizational support moderates the relationship between leadership styles and turnover intention.
Introduction
and Economic Growth’s study report mitigates the attrition of 18 million health workers. According to WHO, to achieve sustainable development goal 3, considering the entire global healthcare staff, there will be a demand for 9 million more nurses and midwives by 2030, out of which
hospitals and the moderating effect of perceived organizational support. Moreover, this study contributes theoretically by delving into the intricate dynamics between leadership styles, particularly TLE and ALE, and staff nurses’ TIN in the context of private hospitals in Bahrain. Recognizing the scarcity of research in this specific domain, the research addresses a crucial gap by examining the influence of leadership styles on nurses’ TIN, considering Bahrain’s unique socio-economic and healthcare landscape. Moreover, the study introduces the concept of POS as a moderating factor in the relationship between leadership styles and TIN. Grounded in SDT, the research explores how TLE and ALE, with their distinct dimensions, impact nurses’ intentions to leave and how POS mitigates this effect. By doing so, the paper not only enriches the literature on turnover intentions but also provides valuable insights for healthcare organizations in Bahrain aiming to enhance staff retention strategies amid the global shortage of healthcare workers.
Literature review
Major workplace problems like low job satisfaction, poor nurse-physician leadership, stressful working environment, and complex workload will lead nurses to leave the hospital [29]. Nurses’ TIN is not based on culture, wealth, and household factors; Majeed & Jamshed (2021) [32] mentioned that we can’t ignore the view of nurses’ TIN due to the leadership style, which varies from country to country. According to Doherty & Hunter Revell (2020) [33], there are few studies on nurses dealing with leadership styles (ALE). Therefore, intense research on leadership style is necessary to ensure the retention of skilled employees in the healthcare system [34].
In leadership, two significant styles, TLE and transactional leadership, are two familiar styles that leaders usually exhibit. Much literature is available on organizational behavior and TLE [35]. According to Piccolo & Colquitt (2006) [36], some studies insist on turnover over the intention to innovation, work satisfaction, leader effectiveness, objective and subjective performance ratings,
and quality improvements. Outcomes of transactional leadership will influence perceptions of leadership trust and fairness. The situation is the deciding factor in leadership styles [37].
Theoretical background and hypotheses development
Social dominance theory
Transformational leadership and turnover intention
Construct | Variables | Sources |
Transformational Leadership (TLE) | Individual Consideration (ICO) | (Bass & Avolio B. J., 1994) |
Idealized Influence (IIN) | ||
Inspirational Motivation (IMO) | ||
Intellectual Stimulation (ISI) | ||
Authentic Leadership (ALE) | Balanced Processing (BPR), | (Avolio & Gardner, 2005; Kernis, 2003) |
Internalized Moral Perspective (IMP), | ||
Relational Transparency (RTR) | ||
Self-awareness (SAW) |
(Eisenberger et al., 1986)
and override their SAW. IIN adversely correlates with employee TIN, implying that IIN will lessen employee TIN [36].
Inspirational leadership refers to the leaders’ ability to sense purpose and motivation and inspire confidence in the followers to achieve goals and overcome challenges [45]. In inspirational leadership, the leader expresses the task at hand, values self, focuses on others, is honest, has high integrity, portrays steady leadership and excellent communication, and displays solid IMO [48]. Further, inspirational leaders encourage employees’ imagination, ability, innovation, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving rationally [49]. An increase in overall employee satisfaction in an organization will reduce TIN. Kim & Kim (2018) [50] stressed that ISI positively influences job satisfaction. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that:
Authentic leadership and turnover intention
RTR includes critical components that leaders display, such as developing confidence, sharing genuine trust, sharing feelings, and appropriate emotions [56]. Malekzadeh F (2019) [57] mentioned that RTR hurts TIN and
job insecurity. Thus, an increase in RTR will reduce the TIN. In leadership, SAW will prevent the leader from comparing the characteristics of one with another; all the employees are treated uniquely by the leaders [44]. Moreover, the SAW of ALE will improve social functioning and emotion. According to Giao et al. (2020) [58], SAW increases organizational commitment and reduces TIN. Therefore, it is hypothesized that:
H2. There is a significant negative effect of ALE on the nurses’ TIN in Bahrain’s private hospitals
Perceived organizational support and turnover intention
H3. There is a significant negative effect of Perceived organization support on nurses’ TIN among Bahrain’s private hospitals
The moderating role of perceived organizational support
and managers avoid employee conflict, rectify the unhealthy hospital environment, open mutual communication and trust, and reduce the nurses’ intention to leave the current hospital [65]. Therefore, it is hypothesized that:
H4. There is a significant moderating effect of perceived organizational support between TLE and nurses’ TIN in Bahrain’s private hospitals
H1-the significant negative effect of TLE (ICO, IIN, IMO, and ISI) on nurses’ TIN.
H2-the significant negative effect of ALE (BPR, IMP, RTR, and SAW) on nurses’ TIN.
H3-the significant negative effect of perceived organizational support on nurses’ TIN.
H4 and H5-moderating effect of perceived organizational support between TLE and ALE on nurses’ TIN.
Materials and methods
Area of study
Sampling and data collection

Measurement and method
Since it enables them to examine large models with numerous structural paths, latent variables, indicators, and constructs without focusing on data distributional assumptions, the structural equation model using Smart-PLS is currently quite popular among researchers. Additionally, PLS-SEM (partial least squares structural equation modeling) is a causal-predictive approach to SEM that stresses prediction in estimating statistical models, whose structures are intended to provide causal explanations, according to Sarstedt et al. (2019) [70]. PLS-SEM also has higher prediction power than CB-SEM [70]. Therefore, the present study used the PLS-SEM to examine the hypotheses based on the complexity of the model employing the moderation effect. As a result, the bootstrap technique (5000) was used to explore the significance of correlations after the model’s reliability. Initially, data validation was done using reliability markers, internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity.
Variables | Min | Max | Skewness | Kurtosis |
ALE | -1.975 | 1.378 | -0.083 | -1.052 |
POS | -2.141 | 1.438 | 0.043 | -0.935 |
TIN | -1.828 | 1.380 | -0.012 | -1.192 |
TLE | -1.914 | 1.334 | -0.061 | -1.219 |
Model fit | Values |
SRMR | 0.078 |
d_ULS | 1.559 |
d_G | 0.998 |
Chi-square | 1437.313 |
NFI | 0.687 |
Results
Data normality
Goodness of model fit
Reliabilities and validities
CR | AVE | ALE | POS | TIN | TLE | |
ALE | 0.861 | 0.608 | 0.780 | |||
POS | 0.896 | 0.520 | 0.821 | 0.721 | ||
TIN | 0.910 | 0.629 | 0.772 | 0.805 | 0.793 | |
TLE | 0.878 | 0.644 | 0.776 | 0.773 | 0.718 | 0.802 |
ALE | POS | TIN | TLE | POSxTLE | POSxALE | |
ALE | ||||||
POS | 0.882 | |||||
TIN | 0.834 | 0.815 | ||||
TLE | 0.871 | 0.810 | 0.842 | |||
POS x TLE | 0.125 | 0.121 | 0.109 | 0.077 | ||
POS x ALE | 0.112 | 0.151 | 0.079 | 0.078 | 0.885 |
Structural equation modelling (SEM)
Hair et al. (2019) [79] suggested that the
Factor loading | T statistics (|O/STDEV|) |
|
Collinearity statistics (outerVIF) | |
BPR | 0.837 | 49.106 | 0.000 | 1.781 |
ICO | 0.806 | 39.456 | 0.000 | 1.735 |
IIN | 0.835 | 38.865 | 0.000 | 2.081 |
IMO | 0.790 | 32.848 | 0.000 | 1.743 |
IMP | 0.723 | 24.404 | 0.000 | 1.409 |
ISI | 0.777 | 30.555 | 0.000 | 1.535 |
POS1 | 0.783 | 32.849 | 0.000 | 2.275 |
POS2 | 0.690 | 19.572 | 0.000 | 1.706 |
POS3 | 0.558 | 10.102 | 0.000 | 1.460 |
POS4 | 0.685 | 21.823 | 0.000 | 1.562 |
POS5 | 0.721 | 24.705 | 0.000 | 1.847 |
POS6 | 0.756 | 28.076 | 0.000 | 2.017 |
POS7 | 0.761 | 30.912 | 0.000 | 2.289 |
POS8 | 0.788 | 35.294 | 0.000 | 2.169 |
RTR | 0.802 | 33.548 | 0.000 | 1.738 |
SAW | 0.753 | 29.903 | 0.000 | 1.565 |
TIN1 | 0.813 | 38.872 | 0.000 | 2.375 |
TIN2 | 0.823 | 37.979 | 0.000 | 2.271 |
TIN3 | 0.830 | 46.963 | 0.000 | 2.240 |
TIN4 | 0.724 | 19.951 | 0.000 | 1.647 |
TIN5 | 0.818 | 39.239 | 0.000 | 2.173 |
TIN6 | 0.744 | 26.588 | 0.000 | 1.785 |


In Table 7, path coefficient values indicate that H1 is supported (
Beta coefficient | T statistics |
|
Decision | |
ALE
|
0.281 | 4.063 | 0.000 | Supported |
POS->TIN | 0.448 | 6.159 | 0.000 | Supported |
TLE-> TIN | 0.166 | 2.588 | 0.010 | Supported |
POSxTLE->TIN | 0.225 | 3.274 | 0.001 | Supported |
POSxALE->TIN | -0.177 | 2.561 | 0.010 | Supported |
and efficient ALE will reduce the nurses’ TIN. H3 is supported (
H4 is supported (
Discussion
Furthermore, a TLE, out of IMO, considers the moral and ethical consequences of decisions. This will influence the employees and may significantly avert the undesired behavior of employees, including TIN [48]. Similarly, a TLE is intended to increase employee
motivation by fostering a sense of shared ethics and a positive ethical identity, encouraging them to work for the firm for as long as feasible. Lastly, a TLE leader induces ISI by reexamining critical assumptions to question their appropriateness [81]. This study thus confirms the findings in the previous literature that claimed a significant negative effect of TLE and the nurses’ TIN of employees in an organization.
Implications
Theoretical implications
Practical implications
Managerial implications
Social implications
Economic implications
turnover in the healthcare sector. Employee turnover incurs various costs, and in a resource-scarce industry like healthcare, these costs take on unique significance. The study suggests that adopting effective leadership styles, informed by the research findings, can mitigate the economic impact of turnover. As employee retention is essential for organizational performance and economic stability, the research provides valuable insights for healthcare organizations and contributes to the broader economic health of the nation.
Conclusion
Limitations and recommendations
Supplementary Information
Authors’ contributions
figuresNidhi – Theoritical perspective, and implicationsShabana – Review of literature and figures.
Funding
Availability of data and materials
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Consent for publication
Competing interests
Author details
Published online: 14 February 2024
References
- Yogeshwar VB. Leadership Development. In: Strength Scape. 2022. https://strengthscape.com/leadership-development/. Accessed 25 Aug 2022.
- Garrison C. 10 Positive and Negative Traits That All Personality Types Can Have. In: Truity. https://www.truity.com/blog/10-positive-and-negative-traits-all-personality-types-can-have . 2022 .Accessed 18 Jul 2022.
- Ely RJ, Thomas DA. Getting Serious About Diversity: Enough Already with the Business Case. In: Harv. Bus. Rev. 2020. https://hbr.org/2020/11/ getting-serious-about-diversity-enough-already-with-the-business-case. Accessed 15 Jan 2022.
- MacDonald L. (2021) The Effects of a Manager’s Leadership Style. In: Chron. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/effects-managers-leadership-style-15328.html . Accessed 12 Jun 2022.
- Khaola P, Rambe P. The effects of transformational leadership on organisational citizenship behaviour: the role of organisational justice and affective commitment. Manag Res Rev. 2021;44:1-12. https://doi.org/10. 1108/MRR-07-2019-0323.
- Gemeda HK, Lee J. Leadership styles, work engagement and outcomes among information and communications technology professionals: a cross-national study. Heliyon. 2020;6:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliy on.2020.e03699.
- Sankar JP. Impact of quality of work life on job satisfaction: a Case Study on Staff nurses of Thiruvallur District of Tamil Nadu. Int J Innov Res Manag Stud. 2018;3:1-7.
- Sainidis E, Brown G. The application of Industry 4.0 in continuous professional development (CPD). In: Strategy, Leadership, and AI in the Cyber Ecosystem: The Role of Digital Societies in Information Governance and Decision Making. 2020: pp 307-320.
- Kurtessis JN, Eisenberger R, Ford MT, et al. Perceived organizational support: a Meta-Analytic evaluation of Organizational Support Theory. J Manage. 2017;43:1-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315575554.
- Baquero A, Delgado B, Escortell R, Sapena J. Authentic leadership and job satisfaction: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Sustain. 2019;11:1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082412.
- Eisenberger R, Malone GP, Presson WD. Optimizing perceived organizational support to enhance employee engagement. Soc Hum Resour Manag Soc Ind Organ Psychol. 2016;2:1-22.
- Puhakka IJA, Nokelainen P, Pylväs L. Learning or leaving? Individual and Environmental Factors Related to job satisfaction and turnover intention. Vocat Learn. 2021;14:1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-021-09275-3.
- Alhamwan M , Mat NB , Muala IA. The impact of organizational factors on nurses turnover intention behavior at Public Hospitals in Jordan: how does Leadership, Career Advancement and pay-level influence the turnover intention behavior among nurses. J Manag Sustain. 2015;5:154-61. https://doi.org/10.5539/jms.v5n2p154.
- Saarikko T, Westergren UH, Blomquist T. Digital transformation: five recommendations for the digitally conscious firm. Bus Horiz. 2020;63:82539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.07.005.
- Half R. (2022) 3 serious consequences of a bad hire. In: Robert Half. https://www.roberthalf.co.uk/advice/recruitment-process/3-serious-consequences-bad-hire . Accessed 5 Aug 2022.
- WHO. (2016) Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2030. Geneva.
- Nursing Now WI. State of the world’s nursing 2020: investing in education, jobs and leadership. 2020.
- World Data. (2022) Population growth in Bahrain. In: World Data. https:// www.worlddata.info/asia/bahrain/populationgrowth.php .Accessed 15 Jun 2022.
- KPMG. (2021) Cost of Living Report. Manama.
- O’Neill A. (2022) Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Bahrain 2027. 1-27.
- NHRA. (2022) List of Licensed Nurses. In: NHRA Bahrain. https://www. nhra.bh/Departments/HCP/?page=68 . Accessed 30 Sep 2022.
- Zhao Y, Russell DJ, Guthridge S, et al. Costs and effects of higher turnover of nurses and Aboriginal health practitioners and higher use of shortterm nurses in remote Australian primary care services: an observational cohort study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjop en-2018-023906.
- Buchan J, Catton H, Shaffer F. The Global Nursing Workforce and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pennsylvania: ICNM – International Centre on Nurse Migration; 2022.
- Sidanius J, Pratto F. Social Dominance Theory: A New Synthesis. In: Political Psychology. 2019: pp 1-18.
- Bass, Avolio BJ, BM. Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage Publication; 1994.
- Kernis MH. Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychol Inq. 2003;14:1-26.
- Avolio BJ, Gardner WL. Authentic leadership development: getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. Leadersh Q. 2005;16:315-38. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001.
- Baysak B, Yener Mi. The Relationship Between Perceived Leadership Style and Perceived Stress on Hospital Employees. In: Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015: pp 79-89.
- Magbity JB, Ofei AMA, Wilson D. Leadership styles of Nurse managers and turnover intention. Hosp Top. 2020;98:45-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00185868.2020.1750324.
- Puni AA. Leadership styles, employee turnover intentions and counterproductive work behaviours. Int J Innov Res Dev. 2016;5:1-7.
- Kohll A. (2018) 5 Reasons Social Connections Can Enhance Your Employee Wellness Program. In: Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ alankohll/2018/01/31/5-ways-social-connections-can-enhance-your-employee-wellness-program/?sh=705c7825527c .Accessed 12 Aug 2022.
- Majeed N , Jamshed S . Nursing turnover intentions: the role of leader emotional intelligence and team culture. J Nurs Manag. 2021;29:229-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13144.
- Doherty DP, Hunter Revell SM. Developing nurse leaders: toward a theory of authentic leadership empowerment. Nurs Forum. 2020;55:416-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12446.
- YusufY, Irwan AM. The influence of nurse leadership style on the culture of patient safety incident reporting: a systematic review. Br J Heal Care Manag. 2021;27:1-7.
- Hughes DJ, Lee A, Tian AW, et al. Leadership, creativity, and innovation: a critical review and practical recommendations. Leadersh Q. 2018;29:1288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.03.001.
- Piccolo RF, Colquitt JA. Transformational leadership and job behaviors: the mediating role of core job characteristics. Acad Manag J. 2006;49:324-40.
- Farahnak LR, Ehrhart MG, Torres EM, Aarons GA. The influence of transformational Leadership and Leader attitudes on subordinate attitudes and implementation success. J Leadersh Organ Stud. 2020;27:98-111. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1548051818824529.
- Sharifheravi MG, Shahidi SE, Nik Mahmood NH. Investigating the relationships between leadership style and personnel turnover intention in IT companies in Iran. In: SIGMIS CPR’10 – Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGMIS Computer Personnel Research Conference. 2010: pp 48-54.
- Tian H, Iqbal S, Akhtar S, et al. The impact of transformational Leadership on Employee Retention: mediation and moderation through Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Communication. Front Psychol. 2020;11: 314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00314.
- Steinmann B, Klug HJP, Maier GW. The path is the goal: how transformational leaders enhance followers’ job attitudes and proactive behavior. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2338-49. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02338.
- Alzoubi RHM, Jaaffar AH. Leadership styles, Crisis Management, and Hotel performance: a conceptual perspective of the Jordanian hotel. J Crit Rev. 2020;7:556-62.
- Grošelj
, Černe , Penger S, Grah B. Authentic and transformational leadership and innovative work behaviour: the moderating role of psychological empowerment. Eur J Innov Manag. 2020;24:677-706. https:// doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-10-2019-0294. - Kleynhans DJ, Heyns MM, Stander MW. Authentic leadership and follower trust in the leader: the effect of precariousness. SA J Ind Psychol. 2021;47:a1904. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v47i0.1904.
- Duarte AP, Ribeiro N, Semedo AS, Gomes DR. Authentic Leadership and Improved Individual performance: Affective Commitment and Individual Creativity’s sequential mediation. Front Psychol. 2021;12:1-11. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.675749.
- Nicol AAM, Rounding K, MacIntyre A. The impact of Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing authoritarianism on the relation between person-Organization fit with commitment, satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Pers Individ Dif. 2011;51:893-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid. 2011.07.009.
- Tesi A, Aiello A, Pratto F. How people higher on social dominance orientation deal with hierarchy-attenuating institutions: the person-environment (mis)fit perspective in the grammar of hierarchies. Curr Psychol. 2022;42(2023):26721-34.
- Khalil SH, Sahibzadah S. Leaders’ individualized consideration and employees’ job satisfaction. J Bus Tour. 2017;3:215-23. https://doi.org/10. 34260/jbt.v3i2.81.
- Choi Y, Yoon DJ, Kim D. Leader behavioral integrity and employee in-role performance: the roles of coworker support and job autonomy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerp h17124303.
- Müller JW. Education and inspirational intuition – drivers of innovation. Heliyon. 2021;7:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07923.
- Kim B, Kim BG. Antecedents of turnover intention: focused on employees of corporation including distribution in China, Japan and Korea. J Distrib Sci. 2018;16:13-23. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.16.9.201809.13.
- Laguna M, Walachowska K, Gorgievski-Duijvesteijn MJ, Moriano JA. Authentic leadership and employees’ innovative behaviour: a multilevel investigation in three countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214201.
- Gatling A, Kang HJA, Kim JS. The effects of authentic leadership and organizational commitment on turnover intention. Leadersh Organ Dev J. 2016;37:181-99. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-05-2014-0090.
- Schippers MC, Rus DC. Optimizing decision-making processes in Times of COVID-19: using reflexivity to Counteract Information-Processing failures. Front Psychol. 2021;12:1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.650525.
- Kasa MD, Shamsuddin MF, Yaakob MFM, et al. Exploring the influence of a principal’s internalized moral perspective towards teacher commitment in Malaysian secondary schools. J Educ e-Learning Res. 2020;7:323-33. https://doi.org/10.20448/JOURNAL.509.2020.73.323.333.
- Oh J, Oh S. Authentic leadership and turnover intention: does organizational size matter? Leadersh Organ Dev J. 2017;38:912-26. https:// doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-08-2016-0209.
- Iqbal S, Farid T, Khan MK, et al. Bridging the gap between authentic leadership and employees communal relationships through trust. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerp h17010250.
- Malekzadeh F. The Effect of Authentic Leadership on turnover intention in the Hotel industry: the Mediation Role of Job Insecurity. Eastern Mediterranean University; 2019.
- Giao HNK, Vuong BN, Huan DD, et al. The effect of emotional intelligence on turnover intention and the moderating role of perceived organizational support: evidence from the banking industry of Vietnam. Sustain. 2020;12:1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051857.
- Meyers MC, Adams BG, Sekaja L, et al. Perceived Organizational Support for the Use of Employees’ Strengths and Employee Well-Being: A Cross-Country Comparison. J Happiness Stud. 2019;20:1825-1841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0026-8.
- Sun L. Perceived organizational support: a Literature Review. Int J Hum Resour Stud. 2019;9:155-75. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v9i3.15102.
- Wang Q, Wang C. Reducing turnover intention: perceived organizational support for frontline employees. Front Bus Res China. 2020;14:116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11782-020-00074-6.
- Srivastava S, Agrawal S. Resistance to change and turnover intention: a moderated mediation model of burnout and perceived organizational support. J Organ Chang Manag. 2020;33:1431-47. https://doi.org/10. 1108/JOCM-02-2020-0063.
- Seo JH, Kim SJ, Lee M, Kang JI. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health service use among psychiatric outpatients in a tertiary hospital. J Affect Disord. 2021;290:279-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad. 2021.04.070.
- Poku CA, Donkor E, Naab F. Impacts of nursing work environment on turnover intentions: the mediating role of Burnout in Ghana. Nurs Res Pract. 2022;2022:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1310508.
- Li JH, Chen TW, Lee HF, Shih WM. The effects of emergency room violence toward nurse’s intention to leave-resilience as a mediator. Healthc. 2021;9:1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050507.
- Krejcie RV, Morgan DW. Determining sample size for Research activities. Educ Psychol Meas. 1970;30:607-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 001316447003000308.
- Alban-Metcalfe RJ, Alimo-Metcalfe B. The transformational leadership questionnaire (TLQ-LGV): a convergent and discriminant validation study. Leadersh Organ Dev J. 2000;21:280-96. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 01437730010343077.
- Cervo CS, Mónico L, dos SM, Santos NR, et al. Authentic leadership questionnaire: invariance between samples of Brazilian and Portuguese employees. Psicol Reflex E Crit. 2016;29:1-11. https://doi.org/10. 1186/s41155-016-0046-4.
- Bothma CFC, Roodt G. The validation of the turnover intention scale. SA J Hum Resour Manag. 2013;11:1-12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm. v11i1.507.
- Sarstedt M, Hair JF, Cheah J-H, et al. How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australas Mark J. 2019;27:197-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003.
- Hair J, Black W, Babin B, Anderson R. Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. In: Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. 2010. p 813.
- Kline RB. Principles and practices of structural equation modelling, 4th Editio. New York: The Guilford Press; 2015.
- Byrne BM. Stuctural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic Concept, Applications and Programming, 3rd Editio. London: Routledge; 2016.
- Henseler J, Hubona G, Ray PA. Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Ind Manag Data Syst. 2016;116:220. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382.
- Dijkstra TK, Henseler J. Consistent partial least squares path modeling. MIS Q. 2015;39:297-316.
- Hair J, Hollingsworth CL, Randolph AB, Chong AYL. An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Ind Manag Data Syst. 2017;117:442-58. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IMDS-04-2016-0130.
- Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res. 1981;18:39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312.
- Henseler J, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. J Acad Mark Sci. 2015;43:115-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8.
- Hair JF, Risher JJ, Sarstedt M, Ringle CM. When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. Eur Bus Rev. 2019;31:2-24.
- AI-Suraihi WA, Samikon SA, AI-Suraihi A-HA, Ibrahim I. Employee turnover: causes, Importance and Retention strategies. Eur J Bus Manag Res. 2021;6:1-10. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.3.893.
- Yusliza MY, Noor Faezah J, Ali N, et al. Effects of supportive work environment on employee retention: the mediating role of person-organisation fit. Ind Commer Train. 2021;53:201-6. https://doi.org/10.1108/ ICT-12-2019-0111.
- Budhwar P, Malik A, De Silva MTT, Thevisuthan P. Artificial intelligencechallenges and opportunities for international HRM: a review and research agenda. Int J Hum Resour Manag. 2022;33:1065-97.
- Matande M, Thoyib A, Kurniawati DT. The effect of perceived organizational support and transformational leadership on turnover intention of health workers at Hospital X Mimika Regency Papua. Int J Res Bus Soc Sci. 2022;11:218-28. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i6.1922.
- Baykal E. Mediator effect of perceived organizational support in the relationship between authentic leadership and organizational commitment. Manas J Soc Stud. 2020;9:1674-88.
Publisher’s Note
- *Correspondence:
Jayendira P. Sankar
jpsankar@utb.edu.bh
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article