DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-023-00921-8
PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38238757
تاريخ النشر: 2024-01-18
اختبار شرائط الاختبار: الأداء المختبري لشرائط اختبار الفنتانيل
الملخص
الخلفية: تستمر أزمة الجرعات الزائدة الناتجة عن الأفيونيات الاصطناعية في التصاعد في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. قمنا بتقييم فعالية عدة دفعات تصنيع من شريط اختبار الفنتانيل (FTS) للكشف عن الفنتانيل ومشتقاته وقمنا بتقييم التفاعل المتبادل مع التداخلات المحتملة. الطرق: تم إذابة معايير المخدرات في الماء في بيئة مختبرية وتم تخفيفها بشكل متسلسل. تم اختبار تخفيفات المخدرات باستخدام خمسة دفعات تصنيع مختلفة من شرائط اختبار BTNX Rapid Response (
الخلفية
المادة الكيميائية الرئيسية، فإن مشتقات الفنتانيل تساهم بشكل كبير في وفيات الجرعات الزائدة. في المنطقة المتأثرة بشدة من 10 ولايات أمريكية، تم اكتشاف مشتقات الفنتانيل في سموم الجرعات الزائدة في 5,083 (19.5%) من 26,104 حالة وفاة تم فحصها [9]. تم تحديد أحد عشر نوعًا مختلفًا من مشتقات الفنتانيل والأفيونيات الاصطناعية في مصادرات المخدرات الأخيرة [10]، على الرغم من أن المئات معروفة بوجودها وأكثر من ذلك ممكن نظريًا [11، 12]. بالنسبة للمورفين، يُعتبر الفنتانيل أقوى بمقدار 100 مرة من حيث الوزن وبالتالي يُقدّر أنه أقوى بمقدار 40 مرة من الهيروين[13]. هناك
في السابق، كانت معظم IMF المتاحة في الولايات المتحدة تأتي في شكل هيروين ملوث بالفنتانيل أو هيروين مستبدل بالفنتانيل [16]. الأشخاص الذين يستخدمون هيروين ملوث بالفنتانيل أو مستبدل بالفنتانيل غالبًا ما يكونون غير مدركين للتلوث ولديهم آراء مختلطة حول جاذبيته [16-18]. يمكن لأولئك الذين لديهم خبرة تمييز الهيروين الملوث بالفنتانيل أو المستبدل بالفنتانيل من الهيروين باستخدام عدة استراتيجيات، لكن فائدة ذلك غير معروفة [16]. ومع ذلك، تشير الاتجاهات الأخيرة إلى أن الهيروين يتم استبداله بالفنتانيل كالأفيوني السائد في إمدادات المواد غير القانونية [19، 20]. بالإضافة إلى الهيروين، تم العثور على IMF في حبوب الأفيونيات المزيفة وحبوب البنزوديازيبين [6، 21-23]. تم ملاحظة زيادة التعرض لـ IMF بين مستخدمي المنشطات (مثل الكوكايين والميثامفيتامين) في كل من دراسات الفحص [24] ودراسات السموم بعد الوفاة [25].
يوصى بمزيد من المراقبة لـ IMF في إمدادات المواد غير القانونية لمعالجة الأزمة الأمريكية [13]. تم استخدام فحص المخدرات في نقطة الاستخدام في أوروبا وأستراليا لإبلاغ المستخدمين بالتلوث المحتمل لموادهم [26-29]. تتوفر مجموعة من خيارات الاختبار المناسبة لخدمات تقليل الأضرار [28]. يوجد اختبار سريع للفنتانيل كاختبار مناعي للبول، والذي يمكن تكييفه للاختبار المباشر للمخدرات. لقد ظهرت هذه الشرائط لاختبار الفنتانيل (FTSs) كاستراتيجية لتقليل الأضرار
على الرغم من وجود عدد من التحديات [16، 30-33]. تكشف النتائج المبكرة حول استخدام FTS بين عينات المجتمع في الولايات المتحدة عن قبول [34، 35] وتغييرات إيجابية كبيرة في سلوك استخدام المخدرات المبلغ عنه بعد اختبار إيجابي للفنتانيل [36-38]. مع تزايد إدراك انتشار الفنتانيل في معظم أنحاء الولايات المتحدة، هناك خطر أن يتناقص الحافز لمثل هذه التغييرات السلوكية الإيجابية حيث يُعتبر التعرض للفنتانيل أمرًا لا مفر منه من قبل الأشخاص الذين يستخدمون المخدرات [32، 36]. ومع ذلك، حتى عندما يُعتبر الفنتانيل أمرًا لا مفر منه، مما يمنع التأثيرات الإيجابية على المستوى الفردي، لا يزال الأشخاص الذين يستخدمون المخدرات يصفون FTS كأداة مفيدة على المستوى المجتمعي [39].
الدراسة | السنة | حد الكشف عن الفنتانيل (نانوغرام/مل) | تفاعل مشتقات الفنتانيل | التداخلات |
جرين وآخرون. | 2020 | 100 | 2 من 2 تم تقييمها تفاعلت | لم يتم تقييمها |
بيرغ وآخرون. | 2021 | 50 | 25 من 28 تم تقييمها تفاعلت | لم يتم العثور على أي شيء بين المواد التي تم تقييمها |
لوك وود وآخرون. | 2021 | 25 | لم يتم تقييمها | الميثامفيتامين، MDMA، ديفين هيدرامين |
وارتون وآخرون. | 2021 | 100 | 19 من 29 تم تقييمها تفاعلت | لم يتم تقييمها |
بارك وآخرون. | 2022 | 200 | 13 من 17 تم تقييمها تفاعلت | لم يتم تقييمها |
طرق
المعايير، الكواشف، شرائط الاختبار
تم إجراء الاختبارات في نفس مساحة المختبر. هذه الشرائط الاختبارية هي اختبارات مناعية تنافسية كروماتوغرافية بتدفق جانبي [50].
حساسية الشريط والتفاعل المتبادل
التداخلات
مقارنة بين البول والماء كمواد مذيبة
النتائج
حساسية شرائط اختبار الفنتانيل والتفاعل المتبادل
تم الكشف عن الألفنتانيل أو U-47700 بأي تركيز، حيث أن هذين الأفيونين الصناعيين والسوفنتانيل لهما اختلافات هيكلية أكثر أهمية عن الفنتانيل والأنالوجات الأخرى (انظر الملف الإضافي 1: الشكل S1).

الكثير، ولكن لا يزال أقل من دفعات 2017). كانت الحساسية متفاوتة بين الثلاث دفعات من شرائط 2021 المستخرجة لعدة نظائر، مع تباين خاص للأكريلفينتانيل، الكارفنتانيل، والسيكلوبروبيلفينتانيل (الشكل 1).
تداخلات شرائط اختبار الفنتانيل
مقارنة بين البول والماء كإيليوت شريط الاختبار
نقاش
اختبار التداخل

تسلط هذه التغيرات الطولية في حساسية التداخل الضوء على الحاجة إلى تقييم مستمر لدفعات شرائط الاختبار الجديدة، وصعوبة تقديم مجموعة قوية من التعليمات لتخفيف العينات قبل استخدام شريط الاختبار. توصي بعض منظمات تقليل الأضرار بإرشادات تخفيف دقيقة لاستخدام شرائط BTNX-20، على سبيل المثال، لتخفيف الميثامفيتامين وMDMA إلى
المبنية في الأصل على نتائج اختبار التداخل مع دفعات 2017، ستترك الآن الشرائط عرضة لنتيجة إيجابية زائفة من ديفينهيدرامين أو MDMA مع الشرائط التي تؤدي على مستوى دفعات 2021. وبالمثل، نظرًا لانخفاض حساسية الفنتانيل لدفعات 2021 مقارنة بدفعات 2017، فإن النتائج السلبية الزائفة ممكنة مع تخفيف مفرط للفنتانيل ونظائره تحت حد الكشف. الملف الإضافي 3: الجدول S1 A-D يوضح كيف تجعل التغيرات الطولية في أداء FTS من دفعة إلى أخرى مع موازنة الاحتمالات الإيجابية الزائفة والسلبية الزائفة تحديد تركيز عينة مثالي أمرًا صعبًا.
التفاعل المتبادل المرغوب فيه وكشف نظائر الفنتانيل. أكدت عينات فحص المخدرات في كولومبيا البريطانية بواسطة طرق مرجعية مختبرية qNMR أن FTS فشلت في الكشف عن الفنتانيل في 4 من 173 (
يجب ملاحظة بعض القيود في هذه التحليلات. في هذه الدراسة، تم تقييم 13 من أكثر نظائر الفنتانيل استشهادًا من حيث التفاعل المتبادل مع اختبار فنتانيل السريع؛ ومع ذلك، توجد العديد من نظائر الفنتانيل الإضافية، ولا يزال مدى تفاعلها المتبادل غير معروف. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم تقييم 11 من المخدرات غير المشروعة والمواد المضافة فقط من حيث التفاعل المتبادل المحتمل، وقد تؤدي مواد أخرى لم يتم اختبارها إلى نتيجة إيجابية خاطئة في اختبار فنتانيل السريع. تحديد نتائج اختبار فنتانيل السريع من خلال الملاحظة البصرية لغياب أو وجود خط هو أمر ذاتي، وهو قيد حقيقي على استخدامه وقيد محتمل على نتائج هذه الدراسة. تم تقييم جميع النتائج من قبل شخصين أو أكثر في محاولات لتقليل الذاتية، ولكن هذه العملية
يمكن تحسين ذلك من خلال تسجيل تحليل المراجعين الفرديين بدلاً من الاعتماد فقط على قرار الإجماع لتسهيل حساب إحصائية كابا لتلخيص اتفاق المقيمين. من طبيعة نظام FTS أن ليست جميع النتائج واضحة بشكل إيجابي أو سلبي.
الخاتمة
الاختصارات
الفنتانيل المصنع بشكل غير قانوني من قبل صندوق النقد الدولي
معلومات إضافية
(
الملف الإضافي 3. الجدول 1A. مثال على نتائج FTS المقدرة لعينة من الميثامفيتامين بدون تلوث بالفنتانيل، اعتمادًا على تركيز فحص المخدرات. يشير تركيز فحص المخدرات إلى التركيز الذي يتم تحقيقه عند إذابة عينة المخدر (خليط غير معروف وغير نقي من مكونات متعددة) في الماء تحضيرًا لاختبار FTS.
الجدول 1B. مثال على نتائج FTS المقدرة لعينة من الميثامفيتامين مع تلوث ضئيل بالفنتانيل، يعتمد على تركيز فحص المخدرات. يشير تركيز فحص المخدرات إلى التركيز الذي يتم تحقيقه عند إذابة عينة المخدر (خليط غير معروف وغير نقي من مكونات متعددة) في الماء تحضيرًا لاختبار FTS. الجدول 1C. مثال على نتائج FTS المقدرة لعينة من MDMA بدون تلوث بالفنتانيل، يعتمد على تركيز فحص المخدرات. يشير تركيز فحص المخدرات إلى التركيز الذي يتم تحقيقه عند إذابة عينة المخدر (خليط غير معروف وغير نقي من مكونات متعددة) في الماء تحضيرًا لاختبار FTS. الجدول 1D. مثال على نتائج FTS المقدرة لعينة من MDMA مع تلوث ضئيل بالفنتانيل، يعتمد على تركيز فحص المخدرات. يشير تركيز فحص المخدرات إلى التركيز الذي يتم تحقيقه عند إذابة عينة المخدر (خليط غير معروف وغير نقي من مكونات متعددة) في الماء تحضيرًا لاختبار FTS.
شكر وتقدير
مساهمات المؤلفين
تمويل
توفر البيانات والمواد
الإعلانات
موافقة الأخلاقيات والموافقة على المشاركة
موافقة على النشر
المصالح المتنافسة
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ملاحظة الناشر
- *المراسلات:
جون سي. هاليفاكس
john.halifax@ucsf.edu
قسم طب المختبرات، مختبر زسفغ السريري، جامعة كاليفورنيا في سان فرانسيسكو، 1001 شارع بوتريو، مبنى 5 2M16، سان فرانسيسكو، كاليفورنيا 94110، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
قسم طب الأسرة والمجتمع، جامعة كاليفورنيا في سان فرانسيسكو، 500 شارع بارناسوس، MU-3E، صندوق 900، سان فرانسيسكو، كاليفورنيا 94143، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-023-00921-8
PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38238757
Publication Date: 2024-01-18
Testing the test strips: laboratory performance of fentanyl test strips
Abstract
Background The overdose crisis driven by synthetic opioids continues to escalate in the USA. We evaluated the efficacy of multiple manufacturing lots of a fentanyl test strip (FTS) to detect fentanyl and fentanyl analogs and assessed cross-reactivity with possible interferences. Methods Drug standards were dissolved in water in a laboratory setting and serially diluted. Drug dilutions were tested using five different manufacturing lots of BTNX Rapid Response (
Background
main chemical, fentanyl analogs are significantly contributing to overdose deaths. In the highly impacted region of 10 US states, fentanyl analogs were detected in overdose toxicology in 5,083 (19.5%) of 26,104 examined overdose deaths [9]. Eleven different fentanyl analogs and synthetic opioids have been identified in recent drug seizures [10], although hundreds are known to exist and more theoretically possible [11, 12]. In relation to morphine, fentanyl is 100 times as potent by weight and thus estimated to be 40 times more potent than heroin[13]. There is a
Previously, most IMF available in the USA came in the form of fentanyl-adulterated or fentanyl-substituted heroin [16]. Persons who use fentanyl-adulterated or fentanyl-substituted heroin are often unaware of the adulteration and have mixed opinions about its desirability [16-18]. Those with experience can discern fentanyladulterated or fentanyl-substituted heroin from heroin with several strategies, but the utility of this is unknown [16]. Recent trends, however, indicate that heroin is being replaced by fentanyl as the dominant opioid in the illicit substance supply [19, 20]. In addition to heroin, IMF has been found in counterfeit opioid and benzodiazepine pills [6, 21-23]. Increasing exposure to IMF among stimulant users (e.g., cocaine and methamphetamine) has been noted in both screening [24] and post-mortem toxicology studies [25].
Greater surveillance for IMF in the illicit substance supply is recommended to address the US crisis [13]. Point-of-use drug checking has been used in Europe and Australia to inform users of potential contamination of their substances [26-29]. A range of testing options suitable for harm reduction services are available [28]. Rapid testing for fentanyl exists as a urine immunoassay, which can be adapted to direct drug testing. These fentanyl test strips (FTSs) have emerged as a harm reduction strategy
albeit with a number of challenges [16, 30-33]. Early findings on use of FTS among US community-based samples reveal acceptability [34, 35] and significant positive changes in reported drug use behavior following a positive fentanyl test [36-38]. As perceptions of fentanyl ubiquity become increasingly common in much of the USA, there is a risk the incentive for such positive behavioral changes decreases as fentanyl exposure is considered unavoidable by people who use drugs [32, 36]. However, even when fentanyl is considered unavoidable, precluding positive impacts at the individual level, people who use drugs still describe FTS as a useful tool at the community level [39].
Study | Year | Fentanyl limit of detection (ng/mL) | Fentanyl analog cross-reactivity | Interferences |
Green et al. | 2020 | 100 | 2 of 2 assessed cross-reacted | Not Assessed |
Bergh et al. | 2021 | 50 | 25 of 28 assessed cross-reacted | None found among substances assessed |
Lockwood et al. | 2021 | 25 | Not Assessed | Methamphetamine, MDMA, Diphenhydramine |
Wharton et al. | 2021 | 100 | 19 of 29 assessed cross-reacted | Not Assessed |
Park et al. | 2022 | 200 | 13 out of 17 assessed cross-reacted | Not Assessed |
Methods
Standards, reagents, test strips
of testing were performed in the same laboratory space. These test strips are lateral flow chromatographic competitive immunoassay tests [50].
Strip sensitivity and cross-reactivity
Interferences
Urine and water eluent comparison
Results
Fentanyl test strip sensitivity and cross-reactivity
detected alfentanil or U-47700 at any concentration, with these two synthetic opioids and sufentanil having more significant structural differences from fentanyl and the other analogs (see Additional file 1: Fig.S1).

lots, but still inferior to the 2017 lots). Sensitivity varied between the three lots of 2021 sourced strips for multiple analogs, with particular variance for acrylfentanyl, carfentanil, and cyclopropylfentanyl (Fig. 1).
Fentanyl test strip interferences
Urine and water as test strip eluent comparison
Discussion
Interference Testing

These longitudinal changes in interference sensitivities highlight the need for continued assessment of new test strip lots, and the difficulty of providing a robust set of instructions for sample dilution prior to test strip use. Some harm reduction organizations recommend precise dilution guidelines for use of the BTNX-20 strips, for example, to dilute methamphetamine and MDMA down to
originally based on the results of interference testing with the 2017 lots, would now leave the strips vulnerable to a diphenhydramine or MDMA false positive with strips performing at the level of the 2021 lots. Similarly, given the lower fentanyl sensitivity for the 2021 lots compared to the 2017 lots, false negatives are possible with excessive dilution of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs below the limit of detection. Additional file 3: Table S1 A-D illustrates how longitudinal changes in lot-to-lot FTS performance while balancing false-positive and false-negative possibilities make determining an ideal sample concentration difficult.
interference cross-reactivity and desired fentanyl analog detection cutoffs. Drug checking samples in British Columbia confirmed by laboratory reference qNMR methods determined that FTS failed to detect fentanyl in 4 of 173 (
Some limitations of these analyses should be noted. In this study, the 13 most cited fentanyl analogs were evaluated for cross-reactivity with the FTS; however, numerous additional fentanyl analogs exist, and their degree of cross-reactivity is still unknown. Additionally, only 11 illicit drugs and adulterants were evaluated for potential cross-reactivity and other untested substances could produce a false-positive FTS result. Determination of the FTS results by visual observation of the absence or presence of a line is subjective, which is a real-world limitation of their use and a potential limitation of the results of this study. All results were evaluated by 2 or more people in attempts to decrease subjectivity, but this process
could be improved by recording individual reviewer analysis instead of only consensus decision to facilitate calculation of a Kappa statistic to summarize evaluator agreement. It is the nature of the FTS that not all results are clearly positive or negative.
Conclusion
Abbreviations
IMF Illicitly manufactured fentanyls
Supplementary Information
(
Additional file 3. Table 1A. Example of estimated FTS results for a methamphetamine sample with no fentanyl contamination, dependent on drug check concentration. Drug check concentration refers to the concentration achieved when dissolving the drug sample (an unknown, impure mixture of multiple components) in water in preparation for FTS testing.
Table 1B. Example of estimated FTS results for a methamphetamine sample with trace fentanyl contamination, dependent on drug check concentration. Drug check concentration refers to the concentration achieved when dissolving the drug sample (an unknown, impure mixture of multiple components) in water in preparation for FTS testing. Table 1C. Example of estimated FTS results for an MDMA sample with no fentanyl contamination, dependent on drug check concentration. Drug check concentration refers to the concentration achieved when dissolving the drug sample (an unknown, impure mixture of multiple components) in water in preparation for FTS testing. Table 1D. Example of estimated FTS results for an MDMA sample with trace fentanyl contamination, dependent on drug check concentration. Drug check concentration refers to the concentration achieved when dissolving the drug sample (an unknown, impure mixture of multiple components) in water in preparation for FTS testing.
Acknowledgements
Author contributions
Funding
Availability of data and materials
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Consent for publication
Competing interests
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Publisher’s Note
- *Correspondence:
John C. Halifax
john.halifax@ucsf.edu
Department of Laboratory Medicine, ZSFG Clinical Laboratory, UCSF, 1001 Potrero Ave. Bldg. 5 2M16, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 500 Parnassus Avenue, MU-3E, Box 900, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA