DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107980
PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38387131
تاريخ النشر: 2024-02-08
استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي الإشكالي في الطفولة والمراهقة
معلومات المقال
الكلمات المفتاحية:
الأطفال
المراهقون
استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي المفرط
إدمان وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي
الملخص
في وقت كتابة هذا النص، يستخدم حوالي 4.59 مليار شخص وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي، حيث يستخدم العديد من المراهقين حساباتهم على وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي عبر مجموعة متنوعة من التطبيقات والمنصات. وفقًا للإحصاءات الأخيرة، في عام 2022، قضى الأفراد في المتوسط 151 دقيقة على وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي كل يوم، مما يوضح الأهمية العالمية لوسائل التواصل الاجتماعي (ديكسون، 2022أ، ب). واحدة من الأسئلة الملحة، على الصعيد الدولي، هي ما إذا كان استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي ضارًا و/أو إدمانيًا. هذا السؤال ذو أهمية خاصة لأن العديد من المراهقين – والمراهقين الأصغر سنًا – يقضون وقتًا كبيرًا على هذه المنصات، التي أصبحت بشكل متزايد جزءًا لا يتجزأ من حياتهم. علاوة على ذلك، بالنظر إلى تطور العمر، قد يكون المراهقون عرضة بشكل خاص لميزات معينة وإعلانات تظهر لهم على منصات وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي. أدى الانتشار المتزايد للصحة النفسية السيئة بين الشباب إلى توصيات حديثة في الولايات المتحدة لإجراء فحوصات روتينية للقلق لدى الأطفال من 8 إلى 18 عامًا، وللاكتئاب ومخاطر الانتحار للمراهقين بين 12 و18 عامًا (قوة المهام للخدمات الوقائية الأمريكية وآخرون، 2022أ، ب) – وهي الحالات التي غالبًا ما تصاحب استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي المفرط. لا تقدم هذه الدراسة فقط رؤى حول الحالة الحالية للأدبيات ولكن تقدم أيضًا توصيات.
وبالتالي، تحدد آثارها (فالكينبرغ وآخرون، 2022).
مشكلة أخرى في البحث هي أن معظم الدراسات حتى الآن لا تميز بين الوقت العام الذي يقضيه على وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي واستخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي المفرط (PSMU، يمكن العثور على مزيد من التوضيحات حول PSMU أدناه)، والذي غالبًا ما يتم تقييمه في إطار إدمان مع ‘تصنيف الأعراض’ المستعار من اضطرابات استخدام المواد. نظرًا لأن الوقت العام الذي يقضيه على وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي وأعراض PSMU هي مفاهيم متميزة، ولكنها مترابطة، يجب دراستها في وقت واحد لتجنب التأثيرات المتداخلة والاستنتاجات غير المدعومة (بور وآخرون، 2020أ؛ بور وآخرون، 2021؛ فالكينبرغ وآخرون، 2022؛ فان دن إيدين وآخرون، 2021). في أفضل الأحوال، يجب أن لا تعتمد مثل هذه الأبحاث فقط على التصاميم العرضية (وهو ما يحدث غالبًا) ولكن يجب أن تشمل
اقترح الذهاب إلى ما هو أبعد من مناقشة وقت الشاشة واستكشاف أسئلة من هم، ولماذا، وكيف لفهم أفضل لمن وما نوع الاستخدام المرتبط باضطراب استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي (PSMU) (Kross et al., 2021; Montag, Yang, & Elhai, 2021). ترتبط أسئلة لماذا وكيف بشكل خاص، كما هو موضح أدناه. قد تساعد أسئلة من هم في معالجة القضايا المتعلقة بالعوامل الاجتماعية والديموغرافية والشخصية المعنية في PSMU. تقترح الأدبيات أن أولئك الذين هم في سن أصغر (المراهقة المبكرة)، إناث (Dailey et al., 2020)، أكثر عصبية، أقل ضميراً (Huang, 2022)، لديهم قدرة أقل على ضبط النفس (Leijse et al., 2023)، ومشاكل نفسية اجتماعية أكثر (Boer et al., 2022b) هم في خطر أكبر لتطوير PSMU. فيما يتعلق بسؤال من هم، قد تكون العوامل السياقية مهمة أيضاً، خاصة في المراحل المبكرة من استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي (Leijse et al., 2023). تشير الأبحاث، على سبيل المثال، إلى أن القواعد الأبوية الواضحة بشأن استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي قد تساعد في منع PSMU لدى المراهقين (Koning et al., 2018)، إذا تم التواصل بشأن هذه القواعد في مناخ إيجابي للتربية قبل تطور أنماط PSMU (Geurts et al., 2022a, Geurts et al., 2022b).
ودول الاستجابة المثيرة). لفهم العلاقة بين SMU والرفاهية النفسية بشكل أفضل، هناك حاجة إلى أبحاث أكثر تفصيلاً تحقق بشكل شامل في استخدامات وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي المحددة التي ترتبط إيجابياً وسلبياً برفاهية المراهقين النفسية. سيتطلب التحقيق في مثل هذا الاستخدام المحدد، في أفضل الأحوال، أيضاً النظر في جوانب الجودة مقابل الكمية للتفاعلات عبر الإنترنت على وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي (على سبيل المثال، التركيز على القرب العاطفي المدرك بسبب التواصل عبر الإنترنت (Boursier et al., 2023)، بدلاً من التركيز فقط على عدد التفاعلات عبر الإنترنت).
التوصيات
مهارات اجتماعية ضعيفة، ضغط الأقران، وتوفر الوصول، من بين عوامل أخرى (Leijse et al., 2023). في الوقت نفسه، قد يكون من الصعب بشكل خاص على العقول الشابة مقاومة إشعارات الدفع والشعور غير المريح بفقدان الفرص (FOMO) (Rozgonjuk et al., 2021). وبالتالي، يجب تطوير وتقييم تدابير الوقاية والتدخل (المبكر) فيما يتعلق بالاستخدام المفرط لوسائل التواصل الاجتماعي وفقًا لفعاليتها.
الاستنتاجات والاتجاهات المستقبلية
- تعيق التقدم في مجال أبحاث PSMU نقص الاتفاق على معايير التقييم. هناك حاجة إلى أبحاث لتعزيز قاعدة الأدلة الخاصة بـ PSMU ضمن أطر مثل DSM-5 أو ICD-11. نحن نرحب بالمعايير المقبولة عمومًا لـ PSMU لتسهيل البحث في هذا المجال.
- غالبًا ما تتأثر مجال أبحاث استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي المفرط بالدراسات المقطعية، لذا نحتاج إلى المزيد من تصاميم الدراسات لنتمكن من تفكيك أسباب ونتائج استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي المفرط.
- هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من البحث يهدف إلى الوقاية من استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي المفرط وتوضيح أي من سلوكيات التربية، وتدابير السياسات المدرسية والحكومية، بالإضافة إلى عوامل سياقية أخرى (مثل الأصدقاء، والعائلة، والأنشطة الترفيهية) تساعد أو لا تساعد في الوقاية من استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي المفرط بين الأطفال والمراهقين. ستكون الدراسات الطولية ذات صلة في هذا السياق.
- هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من البحث حول عوامل الخطر وملفات المخاطر المتعلقة بالاستخدام المفرط للوسائط الاجتماعية. يجب أن تُكمل هذه الأبحاث بدراسات توضح الآليات الكامنة وراء تطور الاستخدام المفرط للوسائط الاجتماعية.
- هناك حاجة إلى تمويل للبحث بين التخصصات والترجمة من أجل التقاط النتائج على مستوى السياسات ومراقبة تعديل نماذج الأعمال الضارة.
- تعاون أوثق لتطوير الأبحاث الأكاديمية والطب الأطفال والبحوث السريرية حول المشكلات المعروضة في الأطفال والمراهقين
يمكن أن تساعد خدمات الصحة النفسية في تشكيل جدول أبحاث أكثر دقة وإرشادات حول استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي المفرط وتعقيداته. - يجب تطوير واختبار تدابير لمنع PSMU بشكل تجريبي. وينطبق الشيء نفسه على خيارات التدخل المبكر والعلاج المصممة خصيصًا للأطفال والمراهقين.
- الكثير مما يحدث على وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي حالياً هو بمثابة صندوق أسود. من أجل فهم سلوك المراهقين بشكل أفضل على منصات وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي، فإن البحث التجريبي الإضافي أمر حيوي، ولكن في الوقت الحالي يعيقه واجهات برمجة التطبيقات المغلقة على بعض المنصات (مونتاج، هيغليتش وآخرون، 2021).
- نموذج الأعمال القائم على البيانات وراء تطبيقات وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي يحتاج إلى التغيير لإنشاء بيئات صحية على الإنترنت (مونتاج وهيغليتش، 2020). إذا كان علينا أن نقرر من هو المسؤول في النهاية عن تقليل الوقت على الإنترنت (مرة أخرى، ليس المتغير الحاسم لفهم PSMU)، فإننا نختار الصناعة وليس المستخدمين (مونتاج وآخرون، 2022).
بيان مساهمة مؤلفي CRediT
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- Corresponding author at: Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
E-mail address: mail@christianmontag.de (C. Montag).Of note, according to WHO formulations, adolescent age describes 10-19 year olds https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1 (link accessed on Februrary 2024).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107980
PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38387131
Publication Date: 2024-02-08
Problematic social media use in childhood and adolescence
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Children
Adolescents
Problematic social media use
Social media addiction
Abstract
At the time of writing, about 4.59 billion people use social media with many adolescents using their social media accounts across a myriad of applications and platforms. According to recent statistics, in 2022 individuals spent an average of 151 minutes on social media each day, illustrating the global relevance of social media (Dixon, 2022a,b). One of the pressing questions, internationally, is whether social media use is harmful and/or addictive. This question is of particular importance because many teenagers – and younger adolescents – spend considerable time on these platforms, which have increasingly become an integral part of their lives. Moreover, considering lifespan development, adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to specific features and advertisements shown to them on social media platforms. Growing prevalence of poor mental health in young people has led to recent recommendations in the United States to routinely screen for anxiety in 8-18 year olds, and for depression and suicide risk for adolescents between 12-18 years of age (US Preventive Services Task Force et al., 2022 a,b) – the conditions often accompanying problematic social media use. The present work not only provides insights into the current state of the literature but provides also recommendations.
thereby, determine its effects (Valkenburg et al., 2022).
A further problem in research is that most studies to date do not differentiate between general time spent on social media and problematic social media use (PSMU, further illustrations of PSMU can be found below), which is often assessed in the realm of an addiction framework with ‘symptom classification’ borrowed from substance use disorders. As general time spent on social media use and symptoms of PSMU are distinct, yet interrelated concepts, they should be studied simultaneously to prevent confounding effects and unsubstantiated conclusions (Boer et al., 2020a; Boer et al., 2021; Valkenburg et al., 2022; van den Eijnden et al., 2021). At best such research should also not only rely on cross-sectional designs (which often is the case) but should include
propose to go beyond the screen-time discussion and to explore the who-, why-, and how-questions to better understand who and what kind of use is associated with PSMU (Kross et al., 2021; Montag, Yang, & Elhai, 2021). The why- and how-questions are particularly related, as discussed below. The who-question may help tackle issues around sociodemographic and personal factors involved in PSMU. The literature proposes that those who are of younger age (early adolescence), female (Dailey et al., 2020), more neurotic, less conscientious (Huang, 2022), have less self-control (Leijse et al., 2023), and more psychosocial problems (Boer et al., 2022b) are at greater risk for developing PSMU. Regarding the who-question, contextual factors may be important as well, particularly in the earlier phases of social media use (Leijse et al., 2023). Research, for instance, indicates that clear parental rules regarding social media use may help prevent adolescents’ PSMU (Koning et al., 2018), if these rules are communicated in a positive parenting climate before PSMU patterns evolve (Geurts et al., 2022a, Geurts et al., 2022b).
and excitative responsive states). To better understand the relationship between SMU and mental well-being, more elaborate research is needed that comprehensively investigates specific social media uses that are positively and negatively related to adolescents’ mental well-being. Investigating such specific use would, at best, also consider the quality versus quantity aspects of the online interactions on social media (e.g. focusing on the felt emotional closeness due to the online communication (Boursier et al., 2023), rather than solely focusing on the number of online interactions).
Recommendations
poor social skills, peer pressure, and availability of access, among other factors (Leijse et al., 2023). At the same time, resisting pushnotifications and the unpleasant FOMO can be particularly hard for young brains to navigate or negotiate (Rozgonjuk et al., 2021). Consequently, prevention and (early) intervention measures with regards to PSMU need to be developed and validated according to effectiveness.
Conclusions and Future Directions
- Progress in the field of PSMU research is impeded by the lack of agreement on assessment criteria. Research is needed to strengthen the evidence base of PSMU within frameworks like DSM-5 or ICD-11. We welcome generally accepted criteria for PSMU to streamline research in this area.
- The field of PSMU research is often impaired by cross-sectional studies, hence we need more study designs to be able to disentangle causes and consequences of PSMU.
- More research is needed aimed at the prevention of PSMU and clarifying which parenting behaviors, school and governmental policy measures, as well as other contextual factors (e.g. friends, family, leisure activities) do and do not help prevent PSMU among children and adolescents. Longitudinal studies will be of relevance in this context.
- More research on risk factors and risk profiles for PSMU is needed. Such research should be supplemented by studies carving out the mechanisms underlying the development of PSMU.
- Funding for interdisciplinary and translational research is required to capture findings at a policy level and monitor the modification of harmful business models.
- A closer collaboration for the development of academic, pediatric and clinical research on presenting problems in child and adolescent
mental health services could help shape a more accurate research agenda and guidelines on PSMU and its complexities. - Measures to prevent PSMU must be developed and tested empirically. The same applies to early intervention and treatment options tailored to children and adolescents.
- Much of what happens on social media currently is a black box. In order to better understand how adolescents behave on social media platforms, further empirical research is vital but at the moment is hampered by closed Application Programming Interfaces on some of the platforms (Montag, Hegelich et al., 2021).
- The data business model behind social media applications needs to change to create healthy online environments (Montag & Hegelich, 2020). If we would need to decide who ultimately is responsible for reducing online time (again not the critical variable to understand PSMU), we opt for the industry and not the users (Montag et al., 2022).
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Declaration of competing interest
Data availability
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- Corresponding author at: Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
E-mail address: mail@christianmontag.de (C. Montag).Of note, according to WHO formulations, adolescent age describes 10-19 year olds https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1 (link accessed on Februrary 2024).