DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2749
تاريخ النشر: 2024-02-20
الجدل حول معايير البيئة والمجتمع والحوكمة وأداء الشركات: تأثير آليات الحوكمة وممارسات ESG كعوامل معتدلة
المراسلات
البريد الإلكتروني: ahmed.elamer@brunel.ac.uk
الملخص
تستكشف هذه الورقة العلاقة بين الجدل حول البيئة والمجتمع والحوكمة (ESG) وأداء الشركات، مع دراسة التأثيرات التعديلية لهياكل الحوكمة المؤسسية وممارسات ESG. باستخدام أساليب كمية، نقوم بتحليل بيانات من 5360 ملاحظة سنوية للشركات. تكشف نتائجنا عن علاقة سلبية كبيرة بين الجدل حول ESG وأداء الشركات. ومع ذلك، فإن الأطر الواضحة للحوكمة المؤسسية واستراتيجيات ESG الداخلية تخفف من هذه الآثار السلبية ويمكن أن تحول هذه الجدل إلى فرص للنمو وتعزيز السمعة. تسلط تحليل مقارن يشمل المملكة المتحدة ودول الاتحاد الأوروبي الأخرى الضوء على تأثير السياقات الجغرافية والتنظيمية في تشكيل هذه الديناميكية. تقدم هذه النتائج رؤى قيمة لصانعي السياسات، واستراتيجيي الشركات، والمستثمرين، مما يبرز دور الحوكمة في التنقل عبر جدل ESG وتعزيز مرونة الشركات وقدرتها على التكيف. تسهم الدراسة في مجال الاستدامة من خلال تقديم فهم دقيق للتفاعل بين جدل ESG، والحوكمة المؤسسية، وأداء الشركات.
الكلمات الرئيسية
1 | المقدمة
الشركات التي تظهر التزامات استباقية وكبيرة لمبادئ ESG بينما تعبر عن تشكك تجاه تلك التي تتجاهل هذه الاعتبارات كإشارات محتملة لعدم الاستدامة وزيادة المخاطر (Aguilera et al., 2007; Useche et al., 2024; VargasSantander et al., 2023). ومع ذلك، يظل النقاش حول التأثيرات المباشرة وغير المباشرة لمبادئ ESG على الأداء المالي متسمًا بنتائج ووجهات نظر متباينة (Fiandrino et al., 2019; Gallego-Álvarez & Pucheta-Martínez, 2022; Hassan et al., 2021; Issa, 2023; Karwowski & Raulinajtys-Grzybek, 2021; Kazemi et al., 2023; Khatib et al., 2021; Li et al., 2019; Lei & Yu, 2024).
Engagement مع أصحاب المصلحة، يتجاوز كونه التزامًا طوعيًا (Aguilera et al., 2007; Becker-Olsen et al., 2006; Rahi et al., 2024; Roberts, Hassan, et al., 2021; Roberts, Nandy, et al., 2021). تدعم الأدلة التجريبية بشكل متزايد التأثيرات الإيجابية للجهود المعلنة جيدًا في مجال ESG على الابتكار، وسمعة الشركات، وفي النهاية، الأداء المالي (Ghouri et al., 2019; Inigo & Albareda, 2019). ومع ذلك، لا يزال المشهد المؤسسي بعيدًا عن التوحيد. حالات الجدل المتعلقة بـ ESG، حيث تتعارض أفعال الشركات مع معايير الاستدامة والأخلاق، ليست نادرة (Li et al., 2019). يمكن أن يكون لهذه الجدل عواقب كبيرة على سمعة الشركات ومراكزها المالية (Janney & Gove, 2011; Walsh et al., 2009). يمكن أن تعيق الجدل المتعلقة بـ ESG، التي تعكس المخاطر التشغيلية والسمعية، بشكل كبير الوضع المالي للشركة (Lange & Washburn, 2012). ومع ذلك، فإنها تقدم أيضًا فرصًا كامنة للتعلم التنظيمي والمشاركة مع أصحاب المصلحة ضمن البيئات المؤسسية المعقدة في الاتحاد الأوروبي (Hart & Milstein, 2003).
تظل آثار مبادرات الحوكمة البيئية والاجتماعية وحوكمة الشركات (ESG) غير واضحة. نسعى لتقديم رؤى غنية في هذا المجال الحاسم، مقدّمين منظورًا أكثر شمولاً حول العلاقة المثيرة للجدل بين الأداء المالي. علاوة على ذلك، نتعمق في التعقيدات التي حددها كيم وآخرون (2018)، حيث إن تأثيرات المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات (CSR) على الأداء المالي ليست خطية ولا بسيطة. تعتبر آثار التخفيف الناتجة عن ممارسات ESG، خاصة بعد الجدل المؤسسي، نقطة محورية في تحقيقنا. نفترض أن الجدل المؤسسي يؤثر سلبًا على الأداء المالي، وهو ادعاء مستند إلى الأدبيات السابقة (لي وآخرون، 2019؛ والش وآخرون، 2009). علاوة على ذلك، نستكشف الفرضية القائلة بأن عناصر الحوكمة المؤسسية، بما في ذلك استقلالية المجلس، التنوع الجنسي، وممارسات ESG، تعمل كقوة معتدلة، مما قد يخفف من الآثار المالية السلبية لجدل ESG.
والمستثمرين، مما يسهل اتخاذ قرارات مستنيرة وتطوير الاستراتيجيات في مشهد ESG المتطور باستمرار. باختصار، تعزز هذه الدراسة فهمنا للتضاريس متعددة الأبعاد حيث تتقاطع جدالات ESG مع حوكمة الشركات، مقدمةً مساهمات نظرية وعملية في هذا المجال.
2 | مراجعة الأدبيات وتطوير الفرضيات
2.1 | تأثير جدل ESG على أداء الشركة
يمكن أن تمنح الأنشطة مزايا تنافسية من خلال تعزيز مهارات وكفاءات فريدة داخل الشركة (دريسلر وباونوفيتش، 2020؛ هول وروثنبرغ، 2008).
H1. تؤثر الجدل حول المسؤولية الاجتماعية والبيئية للشركات سلبًا على الأداء المالي للشركة.
2.2 | التأثير المعتدل لاستقلالية المجلس على العلاقة بين جدل ESG وأداء الشركة
الشركات المتداولة. لقد أدى هذا التحول التنظيمي إلى زيادة ملحوظة في وجود المديرين المستقلين. الافتراض الأساسي وراء هذه الظاهرة هو أن المديرين المستقلين يمكنهم تحسين جودة مراقبة المجلس، مما يعزز بدوره قيمة الشركة (فاما وجنسن، 1983).
2.3 | التأثير المعتدل لتنوع الجنس على العلاقة بين جدل ESG وأداء الشركة
يؤثر بشكل إيجابي على معدل النمو المستدام، خاصة في الشركات العائلية (أمين وآخرون، 2023). يدعم نخيلي وآخرون (2017) هذا، مشيرين إلى أن تمثيل النساء في مجالس الإدارة يعزز مصداقية تقارير المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات والقيمة السوقية، مما يشير إلى التزام قوي بمصالح أصحاب المصلحة.
H3. العلاقة بين جدل ESG المؤسسي والأداء المالي تتأثر بتنوع الجنس.
2.4 | التأثير التعديلي لممارسات ESG على العلاقة بين الجدل والأداء المالي
ثقافة متوافقة مع المبادئ الأخلاقية والاستدامة (هارت وملستين، 2003).
3 | منهجية البحث
3.1 | اختيار العينة
3.2 | قياسات المتغيرات
3.2.1 | المتغير التابع: قيمة الشركة
القيمة، الأسهم المفضلة، والديون طويلة الأجل، مقسومة على إجمالي الأصول. توفر هذه الصيغة مقياسًا شاملاً يعكس كل من تصور السوق والقيمة الجوهرية لأصول الشركة. من خلال اختيار Q لتوبين، وفقًا للسابقة التي وضعتها مورسلي (2020) ونيرينو وآخرون (2021)، تتماشى دراستنا مع المنهجيات المعتمدة في البحث المالي، مما يوفر نهجًا موثوقًا وذو صلة لتقييم قيمة الشركة في سياق عوامل ESG. هذا المقياس مفيد بشكل خاص لتحليلنا لأنه يلتقط منظورًا أوسع لقيمة الشركة، يتجاوز مجرد أصولها الملموسة، بما في ذلك ثقة السوق وتوقعات المستثمرين.
3.2.2 | المتغير المستقل
3.2.3 | المتغير المعتدل
توزيع العينة | المملكة المتحدة | فرنسا | إيطاليا | ألمانيا | الدنمارك |
السكان الأولي | 699 | 197 | 136 | 306 | 68 |
الخصومات | |||||
الشركات المالية (البنوك، خدمات مالية وشركات تأمين) | (80) | (14) | (27) | (30) | (11) |
شركات تفتقر إلى البيانات | (311) | (93) | (73) | (191) | (34) |
العينة النهائية المحتفظ بها | 302 | 90 | 36 | 85 | 23 |
3.2.4 | قياس المتغيرات الضابطة
3.3 | تحديد النموذج
4 | النتائج والمناقشة
4.1 | الإحصائيات الوصفية
4.2 | مصفوفة الارتباط
المتغيرات | ن | معنى | الانحراف المعياري | حد أدنى | الحد الأقصى |
توبين كيو | ٥٣٦٠ | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 2.01 |
مؤتمر ESG | ٥٣٦٠ | 0.89 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 1.00 |
BOA_IND | ٥٣٦٠ | 81.45 | 15.90 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
جنس | ٥٣٦٠ | ٢٦.٧٦ | 14.01 | 0.00 | ٨٠.٠٠ |
البيئة والمجتمع والحوكمة | ٥٣٦٠ | 54.60 | 20.84 | 1.02 | 95.73 |
FSIZE | ٥٣٦٠ | 15.12 | 1.74 | 8.85 | ٢٠.٩٦ |
العائد على الأصول | ٥٣٦٠ | 0.07 | 0.14 | -0.63 | 2.69 |
ليف | ٥٣٦٠ | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.00 | ٢.٧٠ |
ليقدت | ٥٣٦٠ | 1.44 | 3.63 | 0.00 | 213.17 |
حجم BOA | ٥٣٦٠ | 10.09 | 3.93 | 1.00 | ٢٦.٠٠ |
الرئيس التنفيذي المزدوج | ٥٣٦٠ | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
استدامة_التواصل | ٥٣٦٠ | 0.66 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
المتغيرات، والجدل المتعلق بالبيئة والمجتمع والحوكمة، وقيمة الشركة، موفرة أدلة تجريبية تكمل وتوسع الأدبيات الموجودة في هذا المجال.
4.3 | النتائج المتعددة المتغيرات والمناقشة
المتغيرات | توبين كيو | مؤتمر ESG | BOA_IND | جنس | البيئة والمجتمع والحوكمة | FSIZE | العائد على الأصول | ليف | ليقدت | حجم BOA | الرئيس التنفيذي المزدوج | استدامة_التواصل |
توبين كيو | 1.000 | |||||||||||
مؤتمر ESG | -0.054*** | 1.000 | ||||||||||
BOA_IND | -0.050*** | -0.064*** | 1.000 | |||||||||
جنس | 0.074*** | -0.097*** | 0.188*** | 1.000 | ||||||||
البيئة والمجتمع والحوكمة | 0.207*** | -0.333*** | 0.138*** | 0.392*** | 1.000 | |||||||
FSIZE | 0.210*** | -0.412*** | 0.345*** | 0.257*** | 0.641*** | 1.000 | ||||||
العائد على الأصول | -0.108*** | 0.087*** | -0.065*** | 0.015 | -0.084*** | -0.164*** | 1.000 | |||||
ليف | 0.864*** | -0.067*** | -0.025* | 0.070*** | 0.193*** | 0.207*** | -0.141*** | 1.000 | ||||
ليقدت | -0.066*** | 0.013 | -0.062*** | -0.065*** | -0.034** | -0.061*** | 0.005 | -0.082*** | 1.000 | |||
حجم BOA | 0.148*** | -0.287*** | 0.273*** | 0.203*** | 0.496*** | 0.597*** | -0.099*** | 0.152*** | -0.014 | 1.000 | ||
الرئيس التنفيذي المزدوج | 0.051*** | -0.049*** | -0.008 | 0.154*** | 0.142*** | 0.182*** | -0.043*** | 0.067*** | 0.003 | 0.232*** | 1.000 | |
استدامة_التواصل | 0.159*** | -0.201*** | -0.086*** | 0.142*** | 0.584*** | 0.427*** | -0.109*** | 0.141*** | -0.002 | 0.340*** | 0.197*** | 1.000 |



دور التخفيف من الآثار السلبية لجدل ESG. يتماشى هذا مع تيرجيسن وآخرون (2016)، حيث يؤكدون أن المجالس المستقلة تعزز الشفافية وتوافق مصالح أصحاب المصلحة. يبرز هذا التفاعل الإيجابي الدور الحاسم للمديرين المستقلين في تعزيز الشفافية وتوافق مصالح أصحاب المصلحة، مما يعزز فرضية H 2.
المتغيرات | النموذج (1) | النموذج (2) | النموذج (3) | النموذج (4) | النموذج (5) |
L.TBQ | 0.410*** | 0.398*** | 0.406*** | 0.405*** | 0.408*** |
(289.21) | (197.26) | (٤٤٦.٩٣) | (٤٤٩.٤٨) | (٤٧٩٫٠٠) | |
مؤتمر ESG | -0.122*** | 0.007*** | -0.009*** | 0.021*** | -0.028*** |
(-٤٧.٨٥) | (9.74) | (-3.89) | (53.21) | (-32.88) | |
BOA_IND | -0.002*** | -0.0006*** | |||
(-56.02) | -23.81 | ||||
ESG CON*BOA_IND | 0.001*** | 0.0001*** | |||
(٣٦.٥٣) | (6.75) | ||||
جنس | 0.001*** | 0.0007*** | |||
(٥٧.٩٩) | (٤٤.٤٣) | ||||
ESG CON* جندر | -0.001*** | -0.0004*** | |||
(-٣٦.٨٢) | (-27.88) | ||||
البيئة والمجتمع والحوكمة | -0.001*** | -0.0002*** | |||
(-65.06) | (-20.39) | ||||
ESG كون* ESG | 0.001*** | 0.0005*** | |||
(61.83) | (٤٥.٢٥) | ||||
FSIZE | 0.001*** | 0.002** | 0.003*** | 0.001*** | 0.0020*** |
(4.61) | (10.39) | (٣٦.٠٢) | (22.49) | (16.97) | |
العائد على الأصول | -0.012*** | -0.014*** | -0.012*** | -0.017*** | -0.0124*** |
(-15.70) | (-١٣.٥٤) | (-٣٦.٥١) | (-32.89) | (-٣٥.٤٨) | |
ليف | 0.333*** | 0.334*** | 0.332*** | 0.333*** | 0.3327*** |
(٢٦٩.٢٠) | (196.85) | (٣٨١.٨٥) | (530.95) | (٤٥٤٫٨٨) | |
ليقدت | 0.000*** | 0.00006*** | 0.00001*** | 0.0001*** | 0.00008*** |
(٤٩.٤٩) | (٢٩.٣٩) | (17.63) | (61.31) | (60.00) | |
حجم BOA | 0.002*** | 0.001*** | 0.001*** | 0.0017*** | 0.0008*** |
(53.92) | (18.36) | (29.31) | (٤٤.٢٥) | (24.98) | |
الرئيس التنفيذي المزدوج | 0.005*** | 0.006*** | 0.004*** | 0.0074*** | 0.010*** |
(12.08) | (5.83) | (11.83) | (22.81) | (22.57) | |
استدامة_التواصل | 0.004*** | 0.008*** | 0.006 | 0.0082*** | 0.004*** |
(15.49) | (15.12) | (٢٦.٩٩) | (32.52) | (21.40) | |
_cons | 0.153*** | -0.035*** | 0.015*** | -0.036*** | 0.008*** |
(63.95) | (-9.20) | (5.70) | (-٢٩.٦٢) | (4.80) | |
|
٤٨٢٤ | ٤٨٢٤ | ٤٨٢٤ | ٤٨٢٤ | ٤٨٢٤ |
لأدامز وفيريرا (2007)، الذين اقترحوا أن تنوع المهارات والخبرات داخل مجالس الإدارة الكبيرة يمكن أن يعزز من اتخاذ القرارات. ومع ذلك، فإن الأثر الإيجابي لتعدد الأدوار للرئيس التنفيذي يتعارض مع نظرية الوكالة (جينسن وميكلينغ، 1976)، لكنه يجد دعماً في نظرية الوصاية حيث يمكن أن يؤدي هذا الهيكل القيادي إلى حوكمة حاسمة وفعالة، مما يعزز الأداء (دونالدسون وديفيس، 1991). أخيراً، فإن معامل الارتباط الإيجابي لـ
لجنة الاستدامة (Sust_Com) تعكس نتائج دراسة Post et al. (2011). الشركات التي تتبنى نهجًا منظمًا تجاه ESG، وغالبًا ما يتم الإشارة إليها من خلال وجود لجنة استدامة، تميل إلى مواءمة استراتيجياتها وعملياتها بشكل فعال مع توقعات أصحاب المصلحة والمتطلبات التنظيمية، مما يعزز خلق القيمة. كل متغير تحكم ليس مجرد كيان إحصائي، بل هو سرد مدعوم بمجموعة من الدراسات، كل منها يساهم في فهمنا المعقد.
ديناميات تشكيل أداء الشركات في ظل الجدل حول معايير البيئة والمجتمع والحوكمة. تدعم هذه المتغيرات، المدعومة بنسيج غني من الأدبيات، خلفية شاملة يتم من خلالها تقييم وفهم المتغيرات الأساسية والافتراضات.
4.4 | تحليل إضافي وفحوصات القوة
4.4.1 | التحليل المقارن للنماذج الأنجلو أمريكية والأوروبية القارية
علاقة مباشرة إيجابية وتفاعل ضئيل مع جدل ESG (النموذج 8)، مما يبرز النهج المحافظ الذي يركز على أصحاب المصلحة. التأثير الإيجابي ولكنه المقيد يتماشى مع الفكرة القائلة بأن العلاقات المعقدة مع أصحاب المصلحة في هذا النموذج تعتدل الفوائد المباشرة لممارسات ESG (ماكويليامز وآخرون، 2006).
4.4.2 | تحليل التباين
حجم الشركة
المتغيرات | (1) | (2) |
|
(7) | (8) | |||||
أنغلو أمريكي | يورو-قاري | أنغلو أمريكي | يورو-قاري | أنغلو أمريكي | يورو-قاري | أنغلو أمريكي | يورو-قاري | |||
L.TBQ | 0.496*** | 0.219*** | 0.498*** | 0.232*** | 0.506*** | 0.226*** | 0.500*** | 0.229*** | ||
(٣٣٣.٧٨) | (82.56) | (312.36) | (64.95) | (237.69) | (66.31) | (٢٧٦.٥١) | (64.55) | |||
مؤتمر ESG | 0.008*** | 0.003*** | -0.009** | 0.016** | 0.032*** | 0.030*** | -0.048*** | -0.004 | ||
(17.08) | (3.42) | (-2.41) | (2.18) | (21.94) | (12.35) | (-24.77) | (-0.82) | |||
BOA_IND | -0.001*** | 0.001*** | ||||||||
(-17.93) | (7.07) | |||||||||
ESG CON*BOA_IND | 0.000*** | -0.000* | ||||||||
(5.36) | (-1.73) | |||||||||
جنس | 0.001*** | 0.001*** | ||||||||
(21.26) | (12.30) | |||||||||
ESG CON* جندر | -0.001*** | -0.001*** | ||||||||
(-18.36) | (-10.97) | |||||||||
البيئة والمجتمع والحوكمة | -0.001*** | 0.000*** | ||||||||
(-21.70) | (3.64) | |||||||||
ESG كون* ESG | 0.001*** | 0.000 | ||||||||
(٢٦.٩٠) | (1.24) | |||||||||
التحكمات | مضمن | مضمن | مضمن | مضمن | مضمن | مضمن | مضمن | مضمن | ||
ن | ٢٧١٨ | ٢١٠٦ | ٢٧١٨ | ٢١٠٦ | ٢٧١٨ | ٢١٠٦ | ٢٧١٨ | ٢١٠٦ |
المتغيرات | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
الشركات الكبيرة | الشركات الصغيرة | ذو أداء جيد | أداء ضعيف | خبرة التكييف = 1 | خبرة في تكييف الهواء
|
|
L.TBQ | 0.262*** | 0.448*** | 0.192*** | 0.292*** | 0.228*** | 0.595*** |
(75.90) | (259.17) | (121.78) | (٢٢٥.٨٧) | (238.83) | (٨٠٤.٥٤) | |
مؤتمر ESG | 0.022*** | -0.020*** | 0.029*** | 0.033*** | -0.090*** | 0.113*** |
(6.74) | (-12.02) | (9.73) | (13.93) | (-30.96) | (99.42) | |
BOA_IND | 0.000 | -0.001*** | -0.000*** | 0.000 | -0.002*** | 0.000*** |
(0.17) | (-31.81) | (-١٣.٤٠) | (1.32) | (-54.02) | (٣٨.١٤) | |
ESG CON*BOA_IND | -0.000*** | 0.001*** | -0.000 | -0.000*** | 0.001*** | -0.001*** |
(-9.65) | (16.94) | (-1.07) | (-14.20) | (٤٣.٠٨) | (-91.03) | |
جنس | 0.000*** | 0.003*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.001*** | 0.001*** |
(18.50) | (٥٤.٦٩) | (75.11) | (69.13) | (53.39) | (88.93) | |
ESG CON* جندر | -0.000*** | -0.003*** | -0.001*** | -0.001*** | -0.001*** | -0.001*** |
(-14.36) | (-٥٢.٠٥) | (-22.10) | (-53.35) | (-٤٦.٢٨) | (-٤٤.٨٩) | |
البيئة والمجتمع والحوكمة | -0.000*** | -0.001*** | 0.000*** | -0.000*** | -0.000*** | 0.000*** |
(-5.31) | (-54.40) | (4.90) | (-11.38) | (-3.08) | (7.99) | |
ESG كون* ESG | 0.000*** | 0.001*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | -0.000*** |
(5.13) | (67.44) | (2.87) | (35.18) | (25.53) | (-9.23) | |
التحكمات | مضمن | مضمن | مضمن | مضمن | مضمن | مضمن |
|
2412 | 2412 | 2412 | 2412 | ٣٦٦٥ | ١١٥٩ |
آثار التعديل التفاضلية. تظهر الشركات الكبيرة تفاعلًا إيجابيًا لممارسات ESG (0.000)، بينما تظهر الشركات الصغيرة ارتباطًا إيجابيًا أقوى (0.001)، مما يكشف عن الدور المخفف المعزز لممارسات ESG في الكيانات الأصغر.
أداء قائم على نسبة توبين
4.4.3 | خبرة مالية لجنة التدقيق
التدقيق والمساءلة، مما يجعل الشركات أكثر استجابة ولكن أيضًا أكثر عرضة لتبعات الجدل، على غرار نتائج بيجي وآخرون (2021). على النقيض من ذلك، فإن غياب الخبرة المالية في لجان التدقيق (العمود 6) يظهر علاقة إيجابية بين الجدل المتعلق بالبيئة والمجتمع والحوكمة (ESG) والأداء. قد يقلل التدقيق المنخفض من التأثيرات الفورية للجدل ولكنه قد يحمل في طياته عواقب طويلة الأمد، مما يعكس جدليات عدم التماثل المعلوماتي التي افترضها إيساكسون وستايملي (2009). العلاقة الإيجابية لتفاعل الجدل المتعلق بالبيئة والمجتمع والحوكمة واستقلالية المجلس (ESG CON*BOA_IND) في الشركات التي تتمتع بخبرة في لجان التدقيق تؤكد على تعزيز القدرات التكيفية، بينما تشير العلاقة السلبية الواضحة في تلك التي تفتقر إلى الخبرة إلى زيادة المخاطر.
تعزيز قدراتهم الداخلية، وتفاعل أصحاب المصلحة، والشفافية للتخفيف من آثار جدل ESG. توضح تحليل التباين المسارات نحو الحوكمة التكيفية والسياقية، والاستراتيجيات الإدارية، مما يساهم في الفهم الدقيق لتأثيرات جدل ESG في سياقات تنظيمية وأداء متنوعة.
5 | الخاتمة
تعزيز. توفر الرؤى المقدمة في هذه الورقة مخططًا لصنع القرار المستنير والتخطيط الاستراتيجي في عالم الشركات. إن الآثار المترتبة على استراتيجية المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات / البيئة والاجتماعية والحوكمة كبيرة، مما يشير إلى أن نهجًا استباقيًا يركز على الحوكمة أمر ضروري لإدارة مخاطر البيئة والاجتماعية والحوكمة بشكل فعال. رابعًا، بالنسبة لمجتمع المستثمرين، تعتبر هذه الورقة منارة. إنها تقدم وضوحًا وتفكك التفاعل المعقد بين الجدل حول البيئة والاجتماعية والحوكمة، وأداء الشركات، والحوكمة المؤسسية. يمكن أن تستند قرارات الاستثمار، من الآن فصاعدًا، إلى بيانات تجريبية، مما يعزز قوتها ومرونتها تجاه المشهد المؤسسي الديناميكي.
معلومات التمويل
ORCID
منية بولهجة (Dhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0664-8986
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2749
Publication Date: 2024-02-20
ESG controversies and corporate performance: The moderating effect of governance mechanisms and ESG practices
Correspondence
Email: ahmed.elamer@brunel.ac.uk
Abstract
This paper investigates the relationship between Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) controversies and firm performance, examining the moderating influences of corporate governance structures and ESG practices. Utilizing quantitative methods, we analyze data from 5360 firm-year observations. Our findings reveal a significant negative relation between ESG controversies and firm performance. However, well-defined corporate governance frameworks and internal ESG strategies mitigate these adverse impacts and can transform these controversies into growth opportunities and reputation enhancement. A comparative analysis involving the United Kingdom and other European Union nations highlights the influence of geographical and regulatory contexts in shaping this dynamic. These results offer valuable insights for policymakers, corporate strategists, and investors, emphasizing the role of governance in navigating ESG controversies and enhancing firm resilience and adaptability. The study contributes to the sustainability field by providing a nuanced understanding of the interaction between ESG controversies, corporate governance, and firm performance.
KEYWORDS
1 | INTRODUCTION
companies demonstrating proactive and substantial commitments to ESG principles while expressing skepticism toward those neglecting these considerations as potential signals of unsustainability and heightened risks (Aguilera et al., 2007; Useche et al., 2024; VargasSantander et al., 2023). However, the discourse concerning the direct and indirect impacts of ESG on financial performance remains characterized by divergent findings and perspectives (Fiandrino et al., 2019; Gallego-Álvarez & Pucheta-Martínez, 2022; Hassan et al., 2021; Issa, 2023; Karwowski & Raulinajtys-Grzybek, 2021; Kazemi et al., 2023; Khatib et al., 2021; Li et al., 2019; Lei & Yu, 2024).
stakeholder engagement, beyond being a voluntary commitment (Aguilera et al., 2007; Becker-Olsen et al., 2006; Rahi et al., 2024; Roberts, Hassan, et al., 2021; Roberts, Nandy, et al., 2021). Empirical evidence increasingly supports the positive impacts of well-articulated ESG efforts on innovation, corporate reputation, and, ultimately, financial performance (Ghouri et al., 2019; Inigo & Albareda, 2019). Nevertheless, the corporate landscape remains far from uniform. Instances of ESG controversies, where firms’ actions contradict sustainability and ethical norms, are not uncommon (Li et al., 2019). These controversies can have substantial repercussions on firms’ reputations and financial standings (Janney & Gove, 2011; Walsh et al., 2009). ESG controversies, reflecting operational and reputational risks, can significantly hinder a firm’s financial standing (Lange & Washburn, 2012). Yet, they also present latent opportunities for organizational learning and stakeholder engagement within the complex corporate environments of the EU (Hart & Milstein, 2003).
moderating effects of ESG initiatives remains elusive. We strive to contribute rich insights to this critical area, offering a more comprehensive perspective on the controversy-financial performance nexus. Moreover, we delve into the complexities identified by Kim et al. (2018), where the impacts of CSR on financial performance are neither linear nor straightforward. The mitigation effects of ESG practices, especially in the aftermath of corporate controversies, are a focal point of our investigation. We posit that corporate controversies exert a negative influence on financial performance, an assertion grounded in prior literature (Li et al., 2019; Walsh et al., 2009). Furthermore, we explore the hypothesis that corporate governance elements, including board independence, gender diversity, and ESG practices, serve as a moderating force, potentially alleviating the adverse financial impacts of ESG controversies.
and investors, facilitating informed decision-making and strategy development in an ever-evolving ESG landscape. In sum, this study enhances our understanding of the multifaceted terrain where ESG controversies intersect with corporate governance, providing both theoretical and practical contributions to the field.
2 | LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT
2.1 | The impact of ESG controversies on the firm’s performance
activities can confer competitive advantages by fostering unique skills and competencies within a company (Dressler & Paunović, 2020; Hull & Rothenberg, 2008).
H1. Corporate ESG controversies negatively impact a firm’s financial performance.
2.2 | The moderating impact of board Independence on the connection between ESG controversies and the firm’s performance
traded companies. This regulatory shift has led to a notable increase in the presence of independent directors. The underlying assumption behind this trend is that independent directors can enhance the quality of board monitoring, subsequently enhancing the firm’s value (Fama & Jensen, 1983).
2.3 | The moderating impact of gender diversity on the connection between ESG controversies and the firm’s performance
positively influences the sustainable growth rate, especially in familyowned businesses (Amin et al., 2023). Nekhili et al. (2017) support this, noting that female representation on boards enhances the credibility of CSR reporting and market value, signaling a robust commitment to stakeholder interests.
H3. The relationship between corporate ESG controversies and financial performance is moderated by gender diversity.
2.4 | The moderating effect of ESG practices on the relationship between controversy and financial performance
culture aligned with ethical and sustainability principles (Hart & Milstein, 2003).
3 | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 | Sample selection
3.2 | Variables measurements
3.2.1 | The dependent variable: the firm’s value
value, preferred stock, and long-term debt, divided by total assets. This formula provides a comprehensive measure that reflects both the market’s perception and the intrinsic value of the firm’s assets. By choosing Tobin’s Q, following the precedent set by Moursli (2020) and Nirino et al. (2021), our study aligns with established methodologies in financial research, offering a credible and relevant approach to evaluating firm value in the context of ESG factors. This metric is particularly useful for our analysis as it captures a broader perspective of a firm’s worth, beyond just its tangible assets, including market confidence and investor expectations.
3.2.2 | The independent variable
3.2.3 | Moderating variable
Sample distribution | UK | France | Italy | Germany | Denmark |
Initial population | 699 | 197 | 136 | 306 | 68 |
Deductions | |||||
Financial corporations (banks, financial services and insurance companies) | (80) | (14) | (27) | (30) | (11) |
Companies with missing data | (311) | (93) | (73) | (191) | (34) |
Final sample retained | 302 | 90 | 36 | 85 | 23 |
3.2.4 | Measurement of control variables
3.3 | Model specification
4 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 | Descriptive statistics
4.2 | Correlation matrix
Variables | N | Mean | Standard deviation | Minimum | Maximum |
Tobin Q | 5360 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 2.01 |
ESG CON | 5360 | 0.89 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 1.00 |
BOA_IND | 5360 | 81.45 | 15.90 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
GENDER | 5360 | 26.76 | 14.01 | 0.00 | 80.00 |
ESG | 5360 | 54.60 | 20.84 | 1.02 | 95.73 |
FSIZE | 5360 | 15.12 | 1.74 | 8.85 | 20.96 |
ROA | 5360 | 0.07 | 0.14 | -0.63 | 2.69 |
LEV | 5360 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 2.70 |
LIQDT | 5360 | 1.44 | 3.63 | 0.00 | 213.17 |
BOA_SIZE | 5360 | 10.09 | 3.93 | 1.00 | 26.00 |
CEO_DUAL | 5360 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Sust_Com | 5360 | 0.66 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
variables, ESG controversies, and firm value, providing empirical evidence that complements and extends existing literature in the field.
4.3 | Multivariate results and discussion
Variables | Tobin Q | ESG CON | BOA_IND | GENDER | ESG | FSIZE | ROA | LEV | LIQDT | BOA_SIZE | CEO_DUAL | Sust_Com |
Tobin Q | 1.000 | |||||||||||
ESG CON | -0.054*** | 1.000 | ||||||||||
BOA_IND | -0.050*** | -0.064*** | 1.000 | |||||||||
GENDER | 0.074*** | -0.097*** | 0.188*** | 1.000 | ||||||||
ESG | 0.207*** | -0.333*** | 0.138*** | 0.392*** | 1.000 | |||||||
FSIZE | 0.210*** | -0.412*** | 0.345*** | 0.257*** | 0.641*** | 1.000 | ||||||
ROA | -0.108*** | 0.087*** | -0.065*** | 0.015 | -0.084*** | -0.164*** | 1.000 | |||||
LEV | 0.864*** | -0.067*** | -0.025* | 0.070*** | 0.193*** | 0.207*** | -0.141*** | 1.000 | ||||
LIQDT | -0.066*** | 0.013 | -0.062*** | -0.065*** | -0.034** | -0.061*** | 0.005 | -0.082*** | 1.000 | |||
BOA_SIZE | 0.148*** | -0.287*** | 0.273*** | 0.203*** | 0.496*** | 0.597*** | -0.099*** | 0.152*** | -0.014 | 1.000 | ||
CEO_DUAL | 0.051*** | -0.049*** | -0.008 | 0.154*** | 0.142*** | 0.182*** | -0.043*** | 0.067*** | 0.003 | 0.232*** | 1.000 | |
Sust_Com | 0.159*** | -0.201*** | -0.086*** | 0.142*** | 0.584*** | 0.427*** | -0.109*** | 0.141*** | -0.002 | 0.340*** | 0.197*** | 1.000 |



mitigating role on the adverse impacts of ESG controversies. This aligns with Terjesen et al. (2016), emphasizing that independent boards augment transparency and stakeholder alignment. This positive interaction emphasizes the pivotal role of independent directors in enhancing transparency and aligning stakeholders’ interests, reinforcing the premise of H 2 .
Variables | Model (1) | Model (2) | Model (3) | Model (4) | Model (5) |
L.TBQ | 0.410*** | 0.398*** | 0.406*** | 0.405*** | 0.408*** |
(289.21) | (197.26) | (446.93) | (449.48) | (479.00) | |
ESG CON | -0.122*** | 0.007*** | -0.009*** | 0.021*** | -0.028*** |
(-47.85) | (9.74) | (-3.89) | (53.21) | (-32.88) | |
BOA_IND | -0.002*** | -0.0006*** | |||
(-56.02) | -23.81 | ||||
ESG CON*BOA_IND | 0.001*** | 0.0001*** | |||
(36.53) | (6.75) | ||||
GENDER | 0.001*** | 0.0007*** | |||
(57.99) | (44.43) | ||||
ESG CON* GENDER | -0.001*** | -0.0004*** | |||
(-36.82) | (-27.88) | ||||
ESG | -0.001*** | -0.0002*** | |||
(-65.06) | (-20.39) | ||||
ESG CON* ESG | 0.001*** | 0.0005*** | |||
(61.83) | (45.25) | ||||
FSIZE | 0.001*** | 0.002** | 0.003*** | 0.001*** | 0.0020*** |
(4.61) | (10.39) | (36.02) | (22.49) | (16.97) | |
ROA | -0.012*** | -0.014*** | -0.012*** | -0.017*** | -0.0124*** |
(-15.70) | (-13.54) | (-36.51) | (-32.89) | (-35.48) | |
LEV | 0.333*** | 0.334*** | 0.332*** | 0.333*** | 0.3327*** |
(269.20) | (196.85) | (381.85) | (530.95) | (454.88) | |
LIQDT | 0.000*** | 0.00006*** | 0.00001*** | 0.0001*** | 0.00008*** |
(49.49) | (29.39) | (17.63) | (61.31) | (60.00) | |
BOA_SIZE | 0.002*** | 0.001*** | 0.001*** | 0.0017*** | 0.0008*** |
(53.92) | (18.36) | (29.31) | (44.25) | (24.98) | |
CEO_DUAL | 0.005*** | 0.006*** | 0.004*** | 0.0074*** | 0.010*** |
(12.08) | (5.83) | (11.83) | (22.81) | (22.57) | |
Sust_Com | 0.004*** | 0.008*** | 0.006 | 0.0082*** | 0.004*** |
(15.49) | (15.12) | (26.99) | (32.52) | (21.40) | |
_cons | 0.153*** | -0.035*** | 0.015*** | -0.036*** | 0.008*** |
(63.95) | (-9.20) | (5.70) | (-29.62) | (4.80) | |
|
4824 | 4824 | 4824 | 4824 | 4824 |
of Adams and Ferreira (2007), who suggested that diverse skills and expertise within larger boards can foster enhanced decision-making. However, the positive implication of CEO duality contradicts the agency theory (Jensen & Meckling, 1976), but finds support in the stewardship theory where such a leadership structure can lead to decisive and effective governance, driving enhanced performance (Donaldson & Davis, 1991). Lastly, the positive coefficient for the
sustainability committee (Sust_Com) echoes the findings of Post et al. (2011). Firms with structured approaches to ESG, often denoted by the presence of a sustainability committee, tend to align their strategies and operations effectively with stakeholder expectations and regulatory requirements, fostering enhanced value creation. Each control variable is not just a statistical entity, but a narrative underscored by a plethora of studies, each contributing to our intricate understanding
of the dynamics shaping firm performance amidst ESG controversies. These variables, supported by a rich tapestry of literature, provide a comprehensive backdrop against which the core variables and hypotheses are evaluated and understood.
4.4 | Additional analysis and robustness checks
4.4.1 | Comparative analysis of Anglo-American and Euro-Continental models
positive direct relationship and negligible interaction with ESG controversies (Model 8), highlighting the conservative, stakeholder-centric approach. The positive yet restrained impact aligns with the notion that the intricate stakeholder relationships in this model moderate the direct benefits of ESG practices (McWilliams et al., 2006).
4.4.2 | Heterogeneity analysis
Firm size
Variables | (1) | (2) |
|
(7) | (8) | |||||
Anglo-American | Euro-Continental | Anglo-American | Euro-Continental | Anglo-American | Euro-Continental | Anglo-American | Euro-Continental | |||
L.TBQ | 0.496*** | 0.219*** | 0.498*** | 0.232*** | 0.506*** | 0.226*** | 0.500*** | 0.229*** | ||
(333.78) | (82.56) | (312.36) | (64.95) | (237.69) | (66.31) | (276.51) | (64.55) | |||
ESG CON | 0.008*** | 0.003*** | -0.009** | 0.016** | 0.032*** | 0.030*** | -0.048*** | -0.004 | ||
(17.08) | (3.42) | (-2.41) | (2.18) | (21.94) | (12.35) | (-24.77) | (-0.82) | |||
BOA_IND | -0.001*** | 0.001*** | ||||||||
(-17.93) | (7.07) | |||||||||
ESG CON*BOA_IND | 0.000*** | -0.000* | ||||||||
(5.36) | (-1.73) | |||||||||
GENDER | 0.001*** | 0.001*** | ||||||||
(21.26) | (12.30) | |||||||||
ESG CON* GENDER | -0.001*** | -0.001*** | ||||||||
(-18.36) | (-10.97) | |||||||||
ESG | -0.001*** | 0.000*** | ||||||||
(-21.70) | (3.64) | |||||||||
ESG CON* ESG | 0.001*** | 0.000 | ||||||||
(26.90) | (1.24) | |||||||||
Controls | Included | Included | Included | Included | Included | Included | Included | Included | ||
N | 2718 | 2106 | 2718 | 2106 | 2718 | 2106 | 2718 | 2106 |
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
Large firms | Small firms | Well-performing | Poorly performing | AC expertise = 1 | AC expertise
|
|
L.TBQ | 0.262*** | 0.448*** | 0.192*** | 0.292*** | 0.228*** | 0.595*** |
(75.90) | (259.17) | (121.78) | (225.87) | (238.83) | (804.54) | |
ESG CON | 0.022*** | -0.020*** | 0.029*** | 0.033*** | -0.090*** | 0.113*** |
(6.74) | (-12.02) | (9.73) | (13.93) | (-30.96) | (99.42) | |
BOA_IND | 0.000 | -0.001*** | -0.000*** | 0.000 | -0.002*** | 0.000*** |
(0.17) | (-31.81) | (-13.40) | (1.32) | (-54.02) | (38.14) | |
ESG CON*BOA_IND | -0.000*** | 0.001*** | -0.000 | -0.000*** | 0.001*** | -0.001*** |
(-9.65) | (16.94) | (-1.07) | (-14.20) | (43.08) | (-91.03) | |
GENDER | 0.000*** | 0.003*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.001*** | 0.001*** |
(18.50) | (54.69) | (75.11) | (69.13) | (53.39) | (88.93) | |
ESG CON* GENDER | -0.000*** | -0.003*** | -0.001*** | -0.001*** | -0.001*** | -0.001*** |
(-14.36) | (-52.05) | (-22.10) | (-53.35) | (-46.28) | (-44.89) | |
ESG | -0.000*** | -0.001*** | 0.000*** | -0.000*** | -0.000*** | 0.000*** |
(-5.31) | (-54.40) | (4.90) | (-11.38) | (-3.08) | (7.99) | |
ESG CON* ESG | 0.000*** | 0.001*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | -0.000*** |
(5.13) | (67.44) | (2.87) | (35.18) | (25.53) | (-9.23) | |
Controls | Included | Included | Included | Included | Included | Included |
|
2412 | 2412 | 2412 | 2412 | 3665 | 1159 |
differential moderating effects. Large firms demonstrate a positive ESG Practices interaction (0.000), while small firms exhibit a stronger positive association (0.001), revealing the intensified mitigating role of ESG practices in smaller entities.
Tobin’s Q-based performance
4.4.3 | Audit committee financial expertise
scrutiny and accountability, making the firms more responsive yet also more susceptible to the repercussions of controversies, akin to the findings of Beji et al. (2021). In contrast, the absence of financial expertise in audit committees (Column 6) manifests in a positive relationship between ESG controversies and performance. The reduced scrutiny might mitigate the immediate impacts of controversies but could potentially harbor long-term repercussions, echoing the dialectics of informational asymmetry postulated by Isaksson and Steimle (2009). The ESG controversies and board independence interaction (ESG CON*BOA_IND) interaction’s positive relation in firms with audit committee expertise underscores enhanced adaptive capacities, while the pronounced negative relationship in those lacking expertise signals amplified risks.
bolstering their internal competencies, stakeholder engagement, and transparency to mitigate the impacts of ESG controversies. The heterogeneity analysis illuminates the pathways for contextual, adaptive governance, and managerial strategies, contributing to the nuanced understanding of the ESG controversies’ impacts in varied organizational and performance contexts.
5 | CONCLUSION
enhancement. The insights offered in this paper serve as a blueprint for informed decision-making and strategic planning in the corporate world. The implications for CSR/ESG strategy are significant, suggesting that a proactive, governance-focused approach is essential in managing ESG risks effectively. Fourth, for the investor community, this paper is a lighthouse. It offers clarity and demystifies the complex interplay between ESG controversies, firm performance, and corporate governance. Investment decisions, henceforth, can be grounded in empirical data, enhancing their robustness and responsiveness to the dynamic corporate landscape.
FUNDING INFORMATION
ORCID
Mounia Boulhaga (D https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0664-8986
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