الخصائص الميكروفزيائية للسخام الجوي والجسيمات العضوية: القياسات، النمذجة، والتأثيرات

المنهجيات لملاحظات الجسيمات المفصلة لمخاليط السخام-العضوية

الشكل 1 | صور SEM عالية الدقة لجسيمات فردية تحتوي على سخام. أ، ب مجموعتان من السخام على شكل سلسلة. ج، مجموعة سخام نموذجية قديمة. د، مزيج من السخام ومكونات غير عضوية غنية بالكبريت. هـ مزيج من السخام والمكونات العضوية.

الخصائص الميكروفزيائية لجزيئات السخام

كتلة السخام الفردية من انبعاثات المركبات. توزيع حجم جزيئات السخام الموجودة في العينات من هضبة التبت مدينة مكسيكو السحب الحضرية محرك احتراق شراري وفي موكتشوار، شمال الهند . الـ تم قياس عدد الجسيمات الفردية المحتوية على السخام باستخدام الطريقة التي طورها بانغ وآخرون. .

الشكل 3 | صور مجهرية تظهر فصل الطور السائل-السائل (LLPS) في جزيئات عضوية غير عضوية مختلطة. أ صورة Cryo-TEM لجزيئات LLPS المجمعة في موقع الجبال الخلفية. ب صورة Cryo-TEM لجزيء LLPS نموذجي واحد.
مستمد من NanoSIMS يظهر في الطلاء، في الطلاء والنواة، و في الجوهر. صور STXM تظهر الصور البصرية، خريطة تمييز الكربون، عناصر الكربون والنيتروجين داخل الجسيمات الفردية . تحتوي على نواة غير عضوية وطلاء عضوي. صور أيونات c-f لجزيئات LLPS

الخصائص الميكروفزيائية للجسيمات العضوية

تظهر جزيئات SOA الشبيهة بالسائل داخل الغلاف الجوي اختلاطًا معقدًا مع المكونات غير العضوية وتفتقر إلى خصائص شكلية محددة (كما هو موضح في الأشكال 2 و 3). تُظهر هذه الجزيئات كل من

الشكل 5 | الانبعاثات، التكوينات، النقل، عمليات الشيخوخة لجزيئات الهباء الكربوني في الغلاف الجوي وتأثيراتها على النظام متعدد الطبقات لسطح الأرض. مخطط للانبعاثات وعملية الشيخوخة الجوية للجزيئات المكونة من السخام والمكونات العضوية (مثل كرات القار والمواد العضوية الثانوية).

التأثيرات الجوية للجسيمات المكونة من السخام والمخاليط العضوية

الشكل 6 | المسارات المختلفة من القياسات البيئية إلى نماذج الإشعاع الجوي لجزيئات السخام (أي الكربون الأسود). تم الحصول على المسار 1 من
المراجع. تم الحصول على المسار 2 من المرجع 74. تم الحصول على المسار 3 من المراجع 37 و110، وتم الحصول على المسار 4 من المراجع. .

آثار على القوة الإشعاعية

آثار على السحب

الشكل 7 | خرائط عالمية للقوة الإشعاعية المباشرة لنماذج المناخ. أ الافتراضات المتعلقة بالكرات المطلية مقابل التكتلات الواقعية المقدرة بواسطة ECHAMHAM. إن أخذ الشكل الواقعي للسخام المطلي في الاعتبار يزيد من قوته الإشعاعية المباشرة.

السطح من أربعة هياكل مختلطة لامتصاص السخام المقدرة بواسطة NCAR CESM1. التغير في متوسط تأثير السخام العالمي هو ، الذي يتوافق مع التقليل. الأرقام معدلة بإذن من كليسيذيس وآخرون. وهوانغ وآخرون .
غيوم تتمتع جزيئات السخام المنبعثة حديثًا بقدرة على تحفيز تكوين الجليد عند ويظهر تباينًا كبيرًا من مصادر مختلفة مما يؤدي إلى زيادة تركيز INP في البداية، تظهر جزيئات السخام المنبعثة حديثًا خصائص كارهة للماء، بينما يمكن أن تؤدي عمليات الشيخوخة الجوية التي تشمل تكثف الغازات الدقيقة والأكسدة إلى زيادة الهيدروسكوبية للسخام المتقدم في العمر. تتعلق هذه الخصائص المختلطة لجزيئات السخام ارتباطًا وثيقًا بتفاعلاتها في عمليات الهباء الجوي-السحاب. في بقايا قطرات السحاب، تم اكتشاف جزيئات السخام، مما يشير إلى تأثيرها على تفعيل السحاب ومساهمتها في . في المتوسط، تشمل الاستجابة الإشعاعية للسحب لجزيئات السخام كل من التأثيرات غير المباشرة والتأثيرات شبه المباشرة. كوتش وآخرون. تشير إلى استجابة إيجابية للسحب لأن جزيئات السخام توفر مصبًا للإيداع للهباء الجوي الثانوي، مما يقلل من النوى وتطور نوى التكثف القابلة للحياة. وقد أظهرت الحسابات النظرية مؤخرًا أن التغيرات في هياكل خلط السخام والخصائص الشكلية بسبب عملية السحب يمكن أن تؤدي إلى زيادة في امتصاص الضوء بمقدار 1.57 إلى . علاوة على ذلك، لوهمان وآخرون قدمت محاكاة المناخ العالمية التي تكشف أن شيخوخة السخام أدت إلى زيادة السحب السميكة والمنخفضة، مما قلل بدوره من التأثير الإشعاعي الفعال السلبي للأشعة القصيرة بمقدار 0.2 إلى ، مقارنةً بالظروف ما قبل الصناعية. لذلك، فإن التفاعل بين السخام والسحب في التروبوسفير (كما هو موضح في الشكل 5) يبقى سؤالًا معقدًا ومفتوحًا بسبب التباين الواسع لمصادر الانبعاث وآليات الشيخوخة التي تؤثر على جزيئات السخام.

آثار أخرى محتملة

ملخص وآفاق المستقبل

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المصالح المتنافسة

معلومات إضافية

Microphysical properties of atmospheric soot and organic particles: measurements, modeling, and impacts

Methodologies for the particle-resolved observations of soot-organic mixtures

Fig. 1 | The SEM high-resolution images of individual particles containing soot. a, b Two chain-like soot aggregates. c Typical aged soot aggregate. d, Mixture of soot and inorganic S-rich components. e Mixture of soot and organic components.

Microphysical properties of soot particles

individual soot nodule from vehicle emission. Size distribution of soot particles found in the samples from the Tibetan Plateau , Mexico City , urban plumes , a spark ignition engine , and in Mukteshwar, northern India . The of individual soot-containing particles was quantified using the method developed by Pang et al. .

Fig. 3 | Microscopic images showing the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in mixed organic-inorganic particles. a Cryo-TEM image of the LLPS particles collected at background mountain site. b Cryo-TEM image of one typical LLPS particle
derived from NanoSIMS showing in the coating, in the coating and core, and in the core. STXM images showing optical images, C speciation map, C , and N elements within individual particles . containing inorganic core and organic coating. c-f Ion images of the LLPS particles

Microphysical properties of organic particles

Liquid-like SOA particles within the atmosphere exhibit complex mixing with inorganic components and lack specific morphological characteristics (as depicted in Figs. 2 and 3). These particles demonstrate both

Fig. 5 | Emissions, formations, transports, ageing processes of carboneous aerosol particles in the atmosphere and their impacts on multilayer system of Earth surface. Schematic of emissions and atmospheric ageing process of particles composed of soot and organic components (e.g., tar balls and secondary organic

Atmospheric effects of particles composed of soot and organic mixtures

Fig. 6 | The different pathways from ambient measurements to atmospheric radiate models of soot (i.e., black carbon) aerosols. Pathway- 1 was acquired from
refs. . Pathway- 2 was acquired from ref. 74 . Pathway- 3 was acquired from refs. 37,110 and Pathway- 4 was acquired from refs. .

Impacts on radiative forcing