DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diggeo.2024.100081
تاريخ النشر: 2024-03-07
الطبيعات الرقمية: أنطولوجيات جديدة، سياسات جديدة؟
الملخص
تقوم الأدوات والممارسات الرقمية بتحويل العلاقات المجتمعية مع العوالم غير البشرية، سواء من خلال تطبيقات الهواتف الذكية التي يستخدمها سكان المدن للتنقل في الغابات الحضرية، أو النحل الروبوتي الذي يقوم بتلقيح المحاصيل، أو كاميرات الويب التي تبث مباشرة أعشاش الطيور النادرة. لقد أثار الاهتمام الأكاديمي والشعبي الأخير في تلاقي العوالم الرقمية والطبيعية تأملات إبداعية ونقدية حول ما تعنيه الرقمية لمفهوم الطبيعة نفسه، مما يزعزع الاستقرار الأنطولوجي للأخيرة. في هذه المقدمة للعدد الخاص “الطبيعة الرقمية: إعادة صياغة المعارف والأنطولوجيات والسياسات”، نؤكد أن الرقمية، عندما تُعتبر خارج السجل المعرفي، هي قوة إنتاجية وسياسية تزعزع، بدلاً من تعزيز، الحدود بين المجتمع والطبيعة. نستعرض مجموعة واسعة من الأعمال من مجالات الجغرافيا والعلوم الاجتماعية التي تتفاعل بنشاط مع تقاطعات الطبيعة الرقمية، ونؤرخ النقاشات الحالية من خلال الإشارة إلى شخصيات السايبورغ، والتقنيات الطبيعية، والمحاكاة الحيوية، والكيانات الرقمية. من خلال التساؤل عما إذا كانت الممارسات الرقمية في الاستشعار والتجريد وإعادة التركيب الخوارزمي تعكس ببساطة طبيعة موجودة مسبقًا وخارجية، أو ما إذا كانت تدفع نحو إعادة تصور الطبيعة، نسعى لتتبع الإمكانات السياسية التقدمية لإعادة تعريف أنطولوجية الطبيعة المتشابكة رقميًا. نناقش كيف أن الوكالات داخل الطبيعة الرقمية الناشئة متشابكة في إعادة تخيل ما تعنيه الطبيعة والمجتمع. هنا، نرى أن الإمكانات التحويلية للطبيعة الرقمية تكمن بالضبط في تحدي وتقويض المكان الأنطولوجي لطبيعة خارجية. تنتهي المقدمة بتحديد أجندة بحثية للطبيعة الرقمية وتقديم الأوراق الستة التي تشكل العدد الخاص.
1. المقدمة
التفاعل بين العوالم الرقمية والطبيعية قد أثار تأملات إبداعية ونقدية حول ما تعنيه الرقمية لمفهوم الطبيعة، مما يزعزع استقرارها الأنطولوجي. هل تعكس الممارسات الرقمية في الإحساس والتجريد وإعادة التركيب الخوارزمي ببساطة طبيعة موجودة مسبقًا وخارجية، أم أنها تعيد تشكيل كيفية تصور الناس للطبيعة، وتعيد تعريف الطرق التي تهم بها، وتغير تعريف الحدود بين العوالم الطبيعية والاجتماعية؟ تنتشر فكرة “الطبيعة الرقمية” بشكل واسع خارج الأوساط الأكاديمية، وهي بالتأكيد ليست مجرد بناء أكاديمي (نيلسون، هوكينز، وغوفيا، 2023؛ تيرنبل وآخرون، 2023). تشارك المؤسسات الثقافية والتعليمية والبحثية في جميع أنحاء العالم مع التقنيات الرقمية من خلال طرح أسئلة: أين تبدأ الطبيعة، وأين تنتهي، وأين يجلس البشر ضمن هذه البدايات والنهايات؟ في هولندا، على سبيل المثال، قام متحف التصميم في دين بوش بتسليط الضوء على الرسوم المتحركة التي تتضمن “نباتات غريبة ومناظر أحلام”، كجزء من تحقيق حول ما إذا كنا “قد دخلنا عصرًا أصبحت فيه الطبيعة الرقمية جزءًا من التنوع البيولوجي.
2. تجسيد الطبيعات الرقمية: الوساطة، الأنطوجينيس، وما هو أكثر من الحقيقي
تؤديه البنى التحتية غير البشرية التي تتجاوز دائمًا المعايير التقنية لتصميمها.
2.1. الطبيعات الرقمية كتشكلات مادية جديدة
2.2. اللقاءات الرقمية كطبيعة أكثر من حقيقية
فكرة ‘الأكثر من حقيقي’. تهدف مفهومها الأكثر من حقيقي إلى “عكس التناقص الذي يصاحب استخدام مصطلحات ‘افتراضي’ و’غير مادي’ كما تنطبق على الفضاءات الرقمية، والابتعاد عن الاتجاهات لوضع هذه المجالات كأدنى وأدنى من ‘الواقعي’” (مكلاين، 2020: 3). مثل أموور (2011)، تبني مكلاين على فكرة ديليوز وغواتاري بأن (المحاكاة الرقمية) و(النماذج الرقمية) لا توجد في معارضة للواقع (انظر ماسومي، 1987). من خلال دمج هذا مع تفكير سارة واتمور الأكثر من إنسانية (واتمور، 2006) وجغرافيات سارة أحمد العاطفية (أحمد، 2004)، فإن التدخلات الرقمية كأكثر من حقيقية هي مادية وعاطفية، مولدة لمساحات وعلاقات فوضوية ومتعارضة ومتناقضة في بعض الأحيان “تضخم وتنهار الجغرافيات، وإعادة تشكيل الروابط والانفصالات المكانية” (مكلاين، 2020: 34).
3. في البحث عن سياسات جديدة؟ إعادة تعريف الموضوعات والوكالات
تولده أجهزة الاستشعار/الاستشعار هو نوع معين من الكيانات القابلة للحكم وكذلك تكنولوجيا الحكم الكوكبي نفسها (غابريس، 2020؛ غابريس وآخرون، 2022). بدلاً من فتح السؤال حول ما هي الممارسات التي تؤدي إلى التغيير البيئي، تثبت البنى التحتية الرقمية مثل قواعد البيانات وتقنيات المراقبة عن بُعد موضوع اهتمامها، محددة ما يُعتبر غابة. حيث أنها “تؤسس الحقائق البيئية، تحكم استخدامات الأراضي، تحافظ على المساحات، وتدير وتستخرج الموارد” (غابريس وآخرون، 2022: 61)، فإنها تعيد أيضًا تشكيل الكائنات الطبيعية، معيدة تعريف واقعها من خلال تغيير ما هي (أي تحويلها إلى تقنيات) وكيف تعمل. لكن غابريس وزملاؤه يشيرون أيضًا إلى كيف يمكن أن تكون جزءًا من فضاء كوزموبوليتاني (قارن: ستينجرز، 2005، 2011) حيث تعمل كيانات متعددة، بشرية وغير بشرية، كأطراف مشاركة في تكوين غابة لم تكن يومًا طبيعية، بل هي سياسية من خلال تجسيد عوالم متعددة تعترف بطرق متعددة للمعرفة والسكن، والعلاقات وتقرير المصير.
من بين هذه المشاريع الرقمية للطبيعة الحضرية، “على الرغم من شعبيتها الواسعة وإمكاناتها التحويلية، إلا أنها في الأساس ذات توجه إنساني… [إنها] تفتح آفاقًا جديدة للاستمتاع البشري، لكنها لم تتحد بعد بشكل جاد مع مفاهيم البيئات الحضرية كأشياء للاستخدام والسيطرة البشرية” (موس وآخرون، 2021: 273).
4. تأريخ الطبيعة الرقمية: التركيز على الأثر السياسي للطبيعة التقنية
4.1. السايبورغ
التفكير في معنى أن تكون إنسانًا” (هايلز، 1999: 285). مثل هارواي، تجادل بأنه إذا كانت قصة ما يعنيه أن تكون إنسانًا (أو، في هذا السياق، الطبيعة) قد تم سردها من خلال السيطرة على الإرادة، والطبيعة، وبعض الأشخاص على الآخرين – فإن ما بعد الإنسانية يساعدنا في بناء سرد يتم فيه تحطيم وهم السيطرة ونواجه أشكالًا أكثر ظهورًا وتوزيعًا من اتخاذ القرار والوعي. إن إدراك أننا ما بعد إنسانين يصبح اعترافًا بتطور الإنسان المشترك، ليس فقط مع الأدوات والآلات ولكن أيضًا مع أنواع بيولوجية أخرى، بالإضافة إلى اعتراف بنظام الإدراك (هايلز، 2006) – وهو مصطلح تستخدمه لوصف الترابط بين أنظمة الإدراك التي تشمل كل من العقد البشرية والرقمية.
4.2. تقنيات الطبيعة
4.3. المحاكاة الحيوية والكيانات الرقمية
الكائن الحي’ يثير أيضًا حدود الطبيعة والمجتمع والتكنولوجيا. تشير الكائنات الرقمية إلى “برامج الكمبيوتر القابلة للتكرار الذاتي التي تتحور وتتطور” (ويلكي وآدمي، 2002: 528). على وجه التحديد، “تعيش الكائنات الرقمية في بيئة محكومة. …[يجب عليهم] إنشاء نسخة صريحة من جينومهم الخاص … للتكاثر” – الجينوم هنا يعني برنامجًا تنفيذيًا. يُشار إلى نوع من الكائنات الرقمية باسم الحياة الاصطناعية (AL)، وهو مجال في علوم الكمبيوتر ظهر في أواخر الثمانينيات يهدف إلى توليد ظواهر شبيهة بالحياة من خلال البرمجيات والأجهزة والرموز وتطوير الذكاء داخل الآلة. من الناحية المفاهيمية، تعتمد إمكانية AL على فصل جذري بين المادية (الجسد) والمعلومات، مما يفضل الشكل (كمجموعة من الخطوات الإجرائية) على المادة كخاصية تعريفية للحياة؛ وبالتالي، الحياة كمعلومات غير متجسدة (هايلز، 1996؛ هيلمرايش، 1998). في علم الأحياء التطوري، يُزعم أن الكائنات الرقمية والحياة الاصطناعية توفر فرصة لدراسة التطور في “شكل من الحياة لا يشترك في أي سلف مع أشكال الحياة القائمة على الكربون، ومن ثم تمييز المبادئ العامة للتطور عن الحوادث التاريخية التي تخص الحياة الكيميائية الحيوية” (ويلكي وآدمي، 2002: 528). يكمن الاهتمام في كيفية تفاعل تطور هذه ‘الأشكال الحياتية’ مع الموارد الحاسوبية، وفي كل من الكائنات الرقمية والناترويدات، نرى تحولًا بعيدًا عن ‘الدمج البسيط’ بين التكنولوجي والطبيعي، وبدلاً من ذلك، تفاؤل وفضول حول كيفية أن الكائنات الرقمية الوكيلة تأخذ حياة خاصة بها.
الإمكانيات التي تقدمها الطبيعة الرقمية لإعادة التفكير في الطبيعة ومن ثم إعادة تشكيل المجتمع، من خلال “تفضيل مميز للمواد الديناميكية والعلاقاتية التي يمكن أن تحمل ‘الواقعي’ و ‘الرمزي’ في توتر وتعترف بـ ‘المقاومة’ للبيئات وكذلك صلابة الأشياء” (وايت وويلبرت، 2009: 11).
5. الاستنتاجات: نحو أجندة بحثية للطبيعة الرقمية
5.1. الطبيعة الرقمية: إعادة صياغة المعارف، والوجوديات، والسياسات
إعادة تصور الطبيعة من خلال الرقمية. كيف تحول التدخلات الرقمية علاقات الطبيعة والمجتمع والوكالات والموضوعات المعنية؟ كيف تؤدي إلى فهم جديد للحياة وخلائطها، إلى جانب طرق جديدة لتأمينها؟ هل تعكس الممارسات الرقمية للإحساس والتجريد وإعادة التركيب الخوارزمي ببساطة طبيعة موجودة مسبقًا وخارجية، أم أنها تعيد تشكيل كيفية تصور الناس للطبيعة، وتعيد تفسير الطرق التي تهم بها، وتغير تعريف الحدود بين العوالم الطبيعية والاجتماعية؟ وأخيرًا، إلى أي مدى يمكن أن تؤدي اللقاءات بين ‘الرقمي’ و’الطبيعي’ إلى سياسة تقدمية للعلاقات بين البشر وغير البشر تتجاوز النقد الرأسمالي؟
“الأنطولوجيات” – إعادة استخدام التكنولوجيا التي تتضمن “وكالة الكائنات الطبيعية وما فوق الطبيعية، و[تقدم] أدلة على العلاقات الإقليمية بين الكائنات البشرية وأكثر من بشرية التي تشكل أساس المعارف والممارسات الأجدادية”. ومع ذلك، في الوقت نفسه، فإن هذه الوعود السياسية المستندة إلى الأنطولوجيا محدودة بالمخاطر المرتبطة بممارسات البيانات، مثل البيانات المفتوحة ورسم الخرائط الرقمية، التي تنتج فهمًا للأراضي كـ “مساحات ذات حدود صارمة وحقوق حصرية” بطرق تهدد أيضًا الممارسات الأصلية.
شكر وتقدير
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diggeo.2024.100081
Publication Date: 2024-03-07
Digital natures: New ontologies, new politics?
Abstract
Digital tools and practices are transforming societal relationships with non-human worlds-whether through smartphone apps that city dwellers use to navigate urban forests, robotic bees that pollinate crops, or webcams that livestream rare birds’ nests. Recent academic and popular interest in the coming together of digital and natural worlds has generated both creative and critical reflections on what the digital means for the very concept of nature, troubling the latter’s ontological stability. In this Introduction to the special issue Digital Natures: Reworking Epistemologies, Ontologies and Politics we claim that the digital, when considered beyond an epistemological register, is a productive and political force that is unsettling, rather than reinforcing, the boundaries between society and nature. We review the extensive body of work from across geography and the social sciences that is actively engaging with digital-nature intersections, and historicise current debates through reference to the figures of the cyborg, technonatures, biomimicry and digital organisms. Asking whether digitalized practices of sensing, abstraction and algorithmic recombination simply mirror a pre-existing and external Nature, or whether they advance a reconceptualization of nature, we set out to trace the progressive political potential of a digitally-entangled ontological redefinition of nature. We discuss how, within emerging digital natures, agencies are entangled in a reimagining of what both nature and society are about. Here, we argue, lies the transformative potential of digital natures-precisely in challenging and subverting the ontological place of an external Nature. The introduction finishes by simultaneously outlining a research agenda for digital natures and presenting the six papers that comprise the special issue.
1. Introduction
together of digital and natural worlds has generated both creative and critical reflections on what the digital means for the very concept of nature, troubling its ontological stability. Do digitalized practices of sensing, abstraction and algorithmic recombination simply mirror a preexisting and external Nature, or do they reconfigure how people come to conceptualise nature, resignify the ways by which it matters, and alter the definition of the boundary between natural and social worlds? Circulating extensively outside of the ivory tower, the notion of “digital nature” is clearly not just an academic construct (Nelson, Hawkins, & Govia, 2023; Turnbull et al., 2023). Cultural, educational and research institutions worldwide are engaging with digital technologies by asking: where does nature start, where does it end, and where do humans sit within these beginnings and ends? In the Netherlands, for example, the Design Museum Den Bosch profiled animations including “alien plants and dream landscapes,” as part of an inquiry into whether “we have entered an era where digital nature has become part of biodiversity.
2. Materialising digital natures: mediation, ontogenesis, and the more-than-real
non-human infrastructures perform that always exceeds the technical parameters of their design.”
2.1. Digital natures as new material formations
2.2. Digital encounters as more-than-real natures
idea of the ‘more-than-real’. Her more-than-real concept is aimed at “invert[ing] the diminishing that accompanies use of the terms ‘virtual’ and ‘immaterial’ as applied to digital spaces, moving away from tendencies to place these realms as inferior and subordinate to the ‘real’” (McLean, 2020: 3). Like Amoore (2011), McLean builds on Deleuze and Guattari’s idea that (digital) simulation and (digital) models don’t exist in opposition to the real (see Massumi, 1987). Combining this with Sarah Whatmore’s more-than-human thinking (Whatmore, 2006) and Sara Ahmed’s emotional geographies (Ahmed, 2004), digital interventions as more-than-real are both material and affective, generative of messy, contradictory, and paradoxical spaces and relations that at times “amplify and collapse geographies, reworking spatial connections and disconnections” (McLean, 2020: 34).
3. In search of new politics? Re-defining subjects and agencies
sensors/sensing generate is both a particular kind of governable entity as well as a technology of planetary governance itself (Gabrys, 2020; Gabrys et al., 2022). Rather than opening up the question of what practices lead to environmental change, digital infrastructures such as databases and remote observation technologies fix their object of concern, defining what counts as a forest. As they “establish environmental facts, govern land uses, preserve and conserve spaces, and manage and extract resources” (Gabrys et al., 2022: 61), they also remake natural objects, redefining their reality by changing what they are (i.e. making them into technologies) and how they operate. But Gabrys and colleagues also point to how they can equally be part of a cosmopolitical space (c.f. Stengers, 2005, 2011) whereby multiple entities, human and non-human, act as participants in the constitution of a forest that not only has never been natural, but is political through an enactment of pluralistic worlds that recognise multiple ways of knowing and inhabiting, relationality and self-determination.
of these digital urban nature projects, “although widely popular and potentially transformative, are essentially anthropocentric in orientation… [they] are opening up new avenues for human enjoyment, but not-as yet-seriously challenging notions of urban environments as objects of human use and control” (Moss et al., 2021: 273).
4. Historicising digital natures: homing in on the political purchase of technical natures
4.1. The cyborg
thinking about what being human means” (Hayles, 1999: 285). Like Haraway, she argues that if the story of what it means to be human (or, for that matter, nature) has been told through mastery-of will, of nature, and of certain people over others-then the posthuman helps us construct an account in which the illusion of control is shattered and we are confronted with more emergent and distributed forms of decisionmaking and consciousness. Realising that we are posthuman becomes both an acknowledgement of human’s co-evolution, not just with tools and machines but also other biological species, as well as an acknowledgement of the cognisphere (Hayles, 2006)-a term she uses to describe the interconnectedness of cognition systems that include both human and digital nodes.
4.2. Technonatures
4.3. Biomimicry and digital organisms
organism’ also troubles the boundaries of nature, society, and technology. Digital organisms refer to “self-replicating computer programs that mutate and evolve” (Wilke & Adami, 2002: 528). Specifically, digital organisms “live in a controlled environment. …[they] must explicitly create a copy of their own genome … to reproduce”-genome here meaning an executable software programme. A variation of digital organisms is referred to as artificial life (AL), a computer science field that emerged in the late 1980s aimed at the generation of life-like phenomena through wetware, hardware and code and to evolve intelligence within a machine. Conceptually, the possibility of AL rests on a radical separation between materiality (body) and information, privileging form (as a set of procedural steps) over matter as the defining characteristic of life; thus, life as disembodied information (Hayles, 1996; Helmreich, 1998). In evolutionary biology, it is claimed that digital organisms and artificial life provide an opportunity to study evolution in “a form of life that shares no ancestry with carbon-based life forms, and hence to distinguish general principles of evolution from historical accidents that are particular to biochemical life” (Wilke & Adami, 2002: 528). Interest lies in how the evolution of these ‘life-forms’ interacts with, and is relational with, computational resources. In both digital organisms and naturoids, we see a move away from a simple ‘fusing together’ of the technological and the natural, and instead an optimism and curiosity towards how agentic digital beings take on a life of their own.
possibilities that digital natures offer for rethinking nature and hence reworking society, through “a distinct preference for processual, dynamic, relational materialisms that can hold the ‘real’ and ‘the symbolic’ in tension and that acknowledge the ‘recalcitrance’ of ecologies as well as the obduracy of objects” (White & Wilbert, 2009: 11).
5. Conclusions: towards a research agenda for digital natures
5.1. Digital natures: reworking epistemologies, ontologies, and politics
reconceptualising nature through the digital. How do digital interventions transform nature-society relationships and the agencies and subjectivities involved? How do they lead to novel understandings of life and its hybrids, alongside new ways of securing it? Do digitalized practices of sensing, abstraction and algorithmic recombination simply mirror a pre-existing and external Nature, or do they reconfigure how people come to conceptualise nature, resignify the ways by which it matters, and alter the definition of the boundary between natural and social worlds? And finally, up to what extent the encounter between ‘the digital’ and ‘the natural’ can lead to a progressive politics of human–non-human relations beyond the capitalist critique?
ontologies’-a repurposing of technology that incorporates “the agency of natural and supranatural beings, and [gives] evidence of the territorial relationships among human and more-than-human beings that are at the basis of ancestral knowledges and practices”. Yet, at the same time, these political promises grounded in ontology are limited by risks associated with data practices, such as open data and digital mapping, that produce understandings of territories as “spaces with strict boundaries and exclusive rights” in ways that also threaten Indigenous practices.
Acknowledgements
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