DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/ergo.7958
تاريخ النشر: 2025-08-06
الفن، الفهم، والغموض
الملخص
تعتبر العقيدة الظاهرة أن الفهم الفني له قيمة نهائية. الفهم الفني – فهم، كما هو، الميزات التي تجعل العمل الفني جيدًا أو سيئًا من الناحية الجمالية أو الفنية – هو نوع من الفهم، والذي يُعتبر على نطاق واسع ذا قيمة نهائية. من ناحية أخرى، تعترض حجة الغموض على أن نقص الفهم الفني له قيمة. أميز وأقيّم نقديًا نسختين من هذه الاعتراض. النسخة الأولى تقول إن نقص الفهم الفني له قيمة نهائية، لأنه يحافظ على متعة عدم فهم العمل الفني؛ بينما النسخة الثانية تقول إن نقص الفهم الفني له قيمة مشروطة، كشرط ممكن لعلاقة ذات قيمة نهائية مع العمل الفني. أدافع عن العقيدة من خلال القول إن كلا النسختين من الاعتراض تفشلان وأنه ليس لدينا سبب عام ضد اكتساب الفهم الفني.
القيمة النهائية، قيمة الفهم تدعونا للاستجابة حيثما وُجد الفهم، والفهم الذي يمكن أن نحصل عليه من الأعمال الفنية ليس استثناءً.
1. الأرثوذكسية الظاهرة
2. الاعتراض من الغموض: القيمة النهائية
3. الاعتراض من الغموض: القيمة الشرطية
4. الخاتمة
الشكر والتقدير
References
Beardsley, Monroe C. (1958). Aesthetics. Hackett.
Bell, Clive (1914). Art. Capricorn Books.
Bradford, Gwen (2015). Achievement. Oxford University Press.
Budd, Malcom (1995). Values of Art: Pictures, Poetry, and Music. Penguin.
Budd, Malcolm (2011). The Love of Art: More than a Promise of Happiness. British Journal of Aesthetics, 51(1), 81-88.
Carroll, Noël (2016). Art Appreciation. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 50(4), 1-14.
Carter, J. Adam and Emma C. Gordon (2014). Objectual Understanding and the Value Problem. American Philosophical Quarterly, 51(1), 1-13.
Davis, Lydia (1996). Joan Mitchell: Les Bluets (The Cornflowers) 1973. Artforum, January 1996, 34(5).
Dover, Daniela (2024). Love’s Curiosity. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 124(3), 323-348.
Dylan, Bob (2022). The Philosophy of Modern Song. Simon and Schuster.
Elkins, James (2001). Pictures and Tears: A History of People Who Have Cried in Front of Paintings. Routledge.
Gorodeisky, Keren and Eric Marcus (2018). Aesthetic Rationality. Journal of Philosophy, 115(3), 113-140.
Hanson, Louise (2013). The Reality of (Non-Aesthetic) Artistic Value. Philosophical Quarterly, 63(252), 492-508.
Hills, Alison (2017). Aesthetic Understanding. In Stephen R. Grimm (Ed.), Making Sense of the World: New Essays on the Philosophy of Understanding (159-176). Oxford University Press.
Hills, Alison (2022). Aesthetic Testimony, Understanding, and Virtue. Noûs, 56(1), 21-39.
Hopkins, Robert (2017). Imaginative Understanding, Affective Profiles, and the Expression of Emotion in Art. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 75(4), 363-374.
Huddleston, Andrew (2012). In Defense of Artistic Value. Philosophical Quarterly, 62(249), 705-714.
Irvin, Sherri (2007). Forgery and the Corruption of Aesthetic Understanding. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 37(2), 283-304.
Jones, Peter (1969). Understanding a Work of Art. British Journal of Aesthetics, 9(2), 128144.
Kelp, Christoph (2021). Inquiry, Knowledge, and Understanding. Synthese, 198(Suppl 7), S1583-1593.
Kivy, Peter (1990). Music Alone: Philosophical Reflections on the Purely Musical Experience. Cornell University Press.
Kubala, Robbie (2012). Beauty, Interpretation, and the Everyday: An Interview with Alexander Nehamas. Postgraduate Journal of Aesthetics, 9(2), 1-13.
Kvanvig, Jonathan (2003). The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding. Cambridge University Press.
Litland, Jon Erling (2015). Grounding, Explanation, and the Limit of Internality. The Philosophical Review, 124(4), 481-532.
Lopes, Dominic McIver (2011). The Myth of (Non-Aesthetic) Artistic Value. Philosophical Quarterly, 61(244), 518-536.
Moore, G. E. (1903). Principia Ethica. Cambridge University Press.
Nash, Paul (1949). Outline, An Autobiography: And Other Writings. Faber & Faber.
Nehamas, Alexander (2007). Only a Promise of Happiness: The Place of Beauty in a World of Art. Princeton University Press.
Nguyen, C. Thi (2020). Autonomy and Aesthetic Engagement. Mind, 129(516), 1127-1156.
Page, Jeremy (2022). Aesthetic Understanding. Estetika, 15(1), 48-68.
Pritchard, Duncan (2009). Knowledge, Understanding and Epistemic Value. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 64, 19-43.
Pritchard, Duncan (2010). Knowledge and Understanding. In Duncan Pritchard, Alan Millar, and Adrian Haddock (Eds.), The Nature and Value of Knowledge: Three Investigations (3-88). Oxford University Press.
Rosen, Gideon (2010). Metaphysical Dependence: Grounding and Reduction. In Bob Hale and Aviv Hoffman (Eds.), Modality: Metaphysics, Logic, and Epistemology (109136). Oxford University Press.
Schaffer, Jonathan (2016). Grounding in the Image of Causation. Philosophical Studies, 173(1), 49-100.
Sibley, Frank (1965). Aesthetic and Nonaesthetic. The Philosophical Review, 74(2), 135-159. St. Aubyn, Edward (2000). A Clue to the Exit. Chatto & Windus.
Stecker, Robert (2019). Intersections of Value: Art, Nature, and the Everyday. Oxford University Press.
Zangwill, Nick (2001). The Metaphysics of Beauty. Cornell University Press.
- Those who explicitly claim that (at least some variety of) understanding is finally valuable include Pritchard (2010), Carter & Gordon (2014), and Kelp (2014).
- This second line of argument has been used to argue that understanding is more valuable than knowledge or truth, or is a better candidate for the fundamental bearer of epistemic value than knowledge or truth (Pritchard 2009).
Contact: Robbie Kubala rkubala@gmail.com- Those who make this claim more or less explicitly include Budd (1995), Hills (2017; 2022), Martínez Marín (2020), Nguyen (2020), and Page (2022). Those whose discussion seems implicitly to accept it include Carroll (2016), Gorodeisky & Marcus (2018), Hopkins (2017), Irvin (2007), Sibley (1965), and almost everyone in the debate about aesthetic testimony.
- Although I want to remain officially neutral, here, on the relation between aesthetic value and artistic value (see, e.g., Lopes 2011; Huddleston 2012; Hanson 2013; Stecker 2019), I follow others in the literature on aesthetic understanding (e.g., Irvin 2007; Hills 2017; Page 2022) in using the terms ‘aesthetic value’ and ‘artistic value’ interchangeably.
- Notice that the apparent orthodoxy could endorse Dylan’s first sentence: perhaps artworks do not seek to be understood, though there is value in understanding them. I will be arguing that even if artworks do not demand understanding, we have no general reason against gaining it.
- I adapt this gloss from the longer list of ten features that John Bengson takes to constitute understanding’s “profile” (2017: 18-22). I also follow Bengson in thinking that lexicology is not decisive: we should not type understanding in terms of, e.g., understanding ‘why’ vs. understanding ‘how’ vs. understanding ‘that’ (2017: 48). It’s plausible that “understanding why an artwork is good,” “understanding how its lower-level features give rise to aesthetic value,” and “understanding that an artwork is valuable in virtue of certain of its lower-level features” all pick out the same phenomenon.
- Alison Hills offers an account of aesthetic understanding as understanding “why a particular work of art has aesthetic (or artistic) value, or not,” which she distinguishes from “understanding a work of art itself” (2017: 159). Context suggests that she means something like interpretation by the latter. So while her account of understanding is propositionalist-the object of our understanding is a proposition about a work’s value-it is open to the defender of an objectualist account, on which the object of artistic understanding is an artwork itself, to hold that such understanding obtains (wholly or in part) in virtue of attitudes toward propositions such as those that Hills discusses.
- Peter Kivy (1990) denies that pure instrumental music has any representational content, but he does not deny that there is such a thing as musical understanding. The assumption that artistic understanding concerns a work’s value, and not necessarily its content, is also friendly to formalists (e.g., Bell 1914; Beardsley 1958; Zangwill 2001).
- Other cognitivist accounts, which do not take explanation to be a necessary part of artistic understanding, are given by Sherri Irvin (2007), who takes artistic understanding to be centered around a cluster of cognitive abilities relating to an artwork’s aesthetically relevant qualities; by Noël Carroll (2016), who endorses a cognitivist view of artistic appreciation as sizing-up; and by Jeremy Page (2022), for whom artistic understanding includes the capacity to form and communicate an appreciative interpretation.
- Hills (2017: 168) has a second response, which is that artistic understanding can be tacit rather than explicit, and, if tacit, then not even articulable. I do not think that dividing understanding into tacit and explicit species is the right move for an explanation-centric view of artistic understanding-it would fit more naturally with a view of artistic understanding as practical know-how-and it is noteworthy that this claim does not appear in Hills (2022).
- Hills may be thinking of this complex whole as a Moorean organic unity. Moore (1903) himself holds that pleasure can be finally valuable, and that the fitting enjoyment of beauty is an organic unity whose value is greater than the value of its parts: the cognition of beautiful qualities and an appropriate emotion toward the beautiful qualities so cognized.
- This passage is discussed in Francey Russell’s unpublished paper “The Opacity of Aesthetic Judgment” (n.d.), from which I have learned much but which deserves fuller discussion elsewhere, particularly in its claim that a non-privative, positive experience of opacity-a pleasure taken in not understanding-is partially constitutive of aesthetic judgment itself.
- Consider the wonderful quotation from Edward St Aubyn’s novel A Clue to the Exit: “Passing the window of Hatchards bookshop, I saw the latest cluster of books to emerge from the great consciousness debate: Emotional Intelligence, The Feeling Brain, The Heart’s Reasons. I felt the giddy relief of knowing that I wasn’t going to read any of them”‘ (2000: 196). This is the pleasure of terminating a laborious inquiry in the belief that it will be fruitless.
- I am assuming that the proponent of the objection from mystery is not a general value hedonist, claiming that pleasure is the only final value. A hedonist who holds, on such grounds, that we have reason against gaining understanding just when it stops being pleasurable to do so would also be committed to holding that we have identical reason against pursuing, say, athletic or scientific achievements. But then there would be nothing very interesting about the artistic case. See Bradford (2015: ch. 4) for a defense of the non-hedonic final value of achievement.
- Is a state of understanding a more aesthetically valuable work a more valuable state? Arguably, yes: understanding a Matisse is more valuable than understanding a Kincade. Is that in virtue of the work’s greater aesthetic value, or in virtue of one of its determinants (e.g., its complexity)? Arguably, it’s the former, since even very simple works can have great aesthetic value.
- I follow Malcolm Budd (2011), who raises many trenchant objections that I do not consider here, in my reconstruction of Nehamas’ line of argument.
- Nehamas also claims, “Full understanding is logically impossible. It would mean, I think, to know all a thing’s properties and their interrelations-but the notion of ‘all a thing’s properties’ is ill-defined” (Kubala 2012: 7).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/ergo.7958
Publication Date: 2025-08-06
Art, Understanding, and Mystery
Abstract
Apparent orthodoxy holds that artistic understanding is finally valuable. Artistic un-derstanding-grasping, as such, the features of an artwork that make it aesthetically or artistically good or bad-is a species of understanding, which is widely taken to be finally valuable. The objection from mystery, by contrast, holds that a lack of artistic understanding is valuable. I distinguish and critically assess two versions of this objection. The first holds that a lack of artistic understanding is finally valuable, because it preserves the pleasure of an artwork’s incomprehensibility; the second holds that a lack of artistic understanding is conditionally valuable, as the enabling condition of a finally valuable relationship with an artwork. I defend orthodoxy by arguing that both versions of the objection fail and that we have no general reason against gaining artistic understanding.
final value, the value of understanding beckons us to respond wherever understanding is there to be had, and the understanding we can have of artworks is no exception.
1. The Apparent Orthodoxy
2. The Objection from Mystery: Final Value
3. The Objection from Mystery: Conditional Value
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Beardsley, Monroe C. (1958). Aesthetics. Hackett.
Bell, Clive (1914). Art. Capricorn Books.
Bradford, Gwen (2015). Achievement. Oxford University Press.
Budd, Malcom (1995). Values of Art: Pictures, Poetry, and Music. Penguin.
Budd, Malcolm (2011). The Love of Art: More than a Promise of Happiness. British Journal of Aesthetics, 51(1), 81-88.
Carroll, Noël (2016). Art Appreciation. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 50(4), 1-14.
Carter, J. Adam and Emma C. Gordon (2014). Objectual Understanding and the Value Problem. American Philosophical Quarterly, 51(1), 1-13.
Davis, Lydia (1996). Joan Mitchell: Les Bluets (The Cornflowers) 1973. Artforum, January 1996, 34(5).
Dover, Daniela (2024). Love’s Curiosity. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 124(3), 323-348.
Dylan, Bob (2022). The Philosophy of Modern Song. Simon and Schuster.
Elkins, James (2001). Pictures and Tears: A History of People Who Have Cried in Front of Paintings. Routledge.
Gorodeisky, Keren and Eric Marcus (2018). Aesthetic Rationality. Journal of Philosophy, 115(3), 113-140.
Hanson, Louise (2013). The Reality of (Non-Aesthetic) Artistic Value. Philosophical Quarterly, 63(252), 492-508.
Hills, Alison (2017). Aesthetic Understanding. In Stephen R. Grimm (Ed.), Making Sense of the World: New Essays on the Philosophy of Understanding (159-176). Oxford University Press.
Hills, Alison (2022). Aesthetic Testimony, Understanding, and Virtue. Noûs, 56(1), 21-39.
Hopkins, Robert (2017). Imaginative Understanding, Affective Profiles, and the Expression of Emotion in Art. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 75(4), 363-374.
Huddleston, Andrew (2012). In Defense of Artistic Value. Philosophical Quarterly, 62(249), 705-714.
Irvin, Sherri (2007). Forgery and the Corruption of Aesthetic Understanding. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 37(2), 283-304.
Jones, Peter (1969). Understanding a Work of Art. British Journal of Aesthetics, 9(2), 128144.
Kelp, Christoph (2021). Inquiry, Knowledge, and Understanding. Synthese, 198(Suppl 7), S1583-1593.
Kivy, Peter (1990). Music Alone: Philosophical Reflections on the Purely Musical Experience. Cornell University Press.
Kubala, Robbie (2012). Beauty, Interpretation, and the Everyday: An Interview with Alexander Nehamas. Postgraduate Journal of Aesthetics, 9(2), 1-13.
Kvanvig, Jonathan (2003). The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding. Cambridge University Press.
Litland, Jon Erling (2015). Grounding, Explanation, and the Limit of Internality. The Philosophical Review, 124(4), 481-532.
Lopes, Dominic McIver (2011). The Myth of (Non-Aesthetic) Artistic Value. Philosophical Quarterly, 61(244), 518-536.
Moore, G. E. (1903). Principia Ethica. Cambridge University Press.
Nash, Paul (1949). Outline, An Autobiography: And Other Writings. Faber & Faber.
Nehamas, Alexander (2007). Only a Promise of Happiness: The Place of Beauty in a World of Art. Princeton University Press.
Nguyen, C. Thi (2020). Autonomy and Aesthetic Engagement. Mind, 129(516), 1127-1156.
Page, Jeremy (2022). Aesthetic Understanding. Estetika, 15(1), 48-68.
Pritchard, Duncan (2009). Knowledge, Understanding and Epistemic Value. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 64, 19-43.
Pritchard, Duncan (2010). Knowledge and Understanding. In Duncan Pritchard, Alan Millar, and Adrian Haddock (Eds.), The Nature and Value of Knowledge: Three Investigations (3-88). Oxford University Press.
Rosen, Gideon (2010). Metaphysical Dependence: Grounding and Reduction. In Bob Hale and Aviv Hoffman (Eds.), Modality: Metaphysics, Logic, and Epistemology (109136). Oxford University Press.
Schaffer, Jonathan (2016). Grounding in the Image of Causation. Philosophical Studies, 173(1), 49-100.
Sibley, Frank (1965). Aesthetic and Nonaesthetic. The Philosophical Review, 74(2), 135-159. St. Aubyn, Edward (2000). A Clue to the Exit. Chatto & Windus.
Stecker, Robert (2019). Intersections of Value: Art, Nature, and the Everyday. Oxford University Press.
Zangwill, Nick (2001). The Metaphysics of Beauty. Cornell University Press.
- Those who explicitly claim that (at least some variety of) understanding is finally valuable include Pritchard (2010), Carter & Gordon (2014), and Kelp (2014).
- This second line of argument has been used to argue that understanding is more valuable than knowledge or truth, or is a better candidate for the fundamental bearer of epistemic value than knowledge or truth (Pritchard 2009).
Contact: Robbie Kubala rkubala@gmail.com- Those who make this claim more or less explicitly include Budd (1995), Hills (2017; 2022), Martínez Marín (2020), Nguyen (2020), and Page (2022). Those whose discussion seems implicitly to accept it include Carroll (2016), Gorodeisky & Marcus (2018), Hopkins (2017), Irvin (2007), Sibley (1965), and almost everyone in the debate about aesthetic testimony.
- Although I want to remain officially neutral, here, on the relation between aesthetic value and artistic value (see, e.g., Lopes 2011; Huddleston 2012; Hanson 2013; Stecker 2019), I follow others in the literature on aesthetic understanding (e.g., Irvin 2007; Hills 2017; Page 2022) in using the terms ‘aesthetic value’ and ‘artistic value’ interchangeably.
- Notice that the apparent orthodoxy could endorse Dylan’s first sentence: perhaps artworks do not seek to be understood, though there is value in understanding them. I will be arguing that even if artworks do not demand understanding, we have no general reason against gaining it.
- I adapt this gloss from the longer list of ten features that John Bengson takes to constitute understanding’s “profile” (2017: 18-22). I also follow Bengson in thinking that lexicology is not decisive: we should not type understanding in terms of, e.g., understanding ‘why’ vs. understanding ‘how’ vs. understanding ‘that’ (2017: 48). It’s plausible that “understanding why an artwork is good,” “understanding how its lower-level features give rise to aesthetic value,” and “understanding that an artwork is valuable in virtue of certain of its lower-level features” all pick out the same phenomenon.
- Alison Hills offers an account of aesthetic understanding as understanding “why a particular work of art has aesthetic (or artistic) value, or not,” which she distinguishes from “understanding a work of art itself” (2017: 159). Context suggests that she means something like interpretation by the latter. So while her account of understanding is propositionalist-the object of our understanding is a proposition about a work’s value-it is open to the defender of an objectualist account, on which the object of artistic understanding is an artwork itself, to hold that such understanding obtains (wholly or in part) in virtue of attitudes toward propositions such as those that Hills discusses.
- Peter Kivy (1990) denies that pure instrumental music has any representational content, but he does not deny that there is such a thing as musical understanding. The assumption that artistic understanding concerns a work’s value, and not necessarily its content, is also friendly to formalists (e.g., Bell 1914; Beardsley 1958; Zangwill 2001).
- Other cognitivist accounts, which do not take explanation to be a necessary part of artistic understanding, are given by Sherri Irvin (2007), who takes artistic understanding to be centered around a cluster of cognitive abilities relating to an artwork’s aesthetically relevant qualities; by Noël Carroll (2016), who endorses a cognitivist view of artistic appreciation as sizing-up; and by Jeremy Page (2022), for whom artistic understanding includes the capacity to form and communicate an appreciative interpretation.
- Hills (2017: 168) has a second response, which is that artistic understanding can be tacit rather than explicit, and, if tacit, then not even articulable. I do not think that dividing understanding into tacit and explicit species is the right move for an explanation-centric view of artistic understanding-it would fit more naturally with a view of artistic understanding as practical know-how-and it is noteworthy that this claim does not appear in Hills (2022).
- Hills may be thinking of this complex whole as a Moorean organic unity. Moore (1903) himself holds that pleasure can be finally valuable, and that the fitting enjoyment of beauty is an organic unity whose value is greater than the value of its parts: the cognition of beautiful qualities and an appropriate emotion toward the beautiful qualities so cognized.
- This passage is discussed in Francey Russell’s unpublished paper “The Opacity of Aesthetic Judgment” (n.d.), from which I have learned much but which deserves fuller discussion elsewhere, particularly in its claim that a non-privative, positive experience of opacity-a pleasure taken in not understanding-is partially constitutive of aesthetic judgment itself.
- Consider the wonderful quotation from Edward St Aubyn’s novel A Clue to the Exit: “Passing the window of Hatchards bookshop, I saw the latest cluster of books to emerge from the great consciousness debate: Emotional Intelligence, The Feeling Brain, The Heart’s Reasons. I felt the giddy relief of knowing that I wasn’t going to read any of them”‘ (2000: 196). This is the pleasure of terminating a laborious inquiry in the belief that it will be fruitless.
- I am assuming that the proponent of the objection from mystery is not a general value hedonist, claiming that pleasure is the only final value. A hedonist who holds, on such grounds, that we have reason against gaining understanding just when it stops being pleasurable to do so would also be committed to holding that we have identical reason against pursuing, say, athletic or scientific achievements. But then there would be nothing very interesting about the artistic case. See Bradford (2015: ch. 4) for a defense of the non-hedonic final value of achievement.
- Is a state of understanding a more aesthetically valuable work a more valuable state? Arguably, yes: understanding a Matisse is more valuable than understanding a Kincade. Is that in virtue of the work’s greater aesthetic value, or in virtue of one of its determinants (e.g., its complexity)? Arguably, it’s the former, since even very simple works can have great aesthetic value.
- I follow Malcolm Budd (2011), who raises many trenchant objections that I do not consider here, in my reconstruction of Nehamas’ line of argument.
- Nehamas also claims, “Full understanding is logically impossible. It would mean, I think, to know all a thing’s properties and their interrelations-but the notion of ‘all a thing’s properties’ is ill-defined” (Kubala 2012: 7).
