DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-024-00767-7
تاريخ النشر: 2025-01-24
المؤسسة متعددة الجنسيات، القدرات، والرقمنة: الحوكمة والنمو في ظل الفوضى العالمية
© المؤلفون 2025
الملخص
تتناول هذه المقالة مقالي في JIBS لعام 2014 حول إمكانية دمج نظرية دولية الأعمال مع منظور قدرات الإدارة الاستراتيجية. تلخص الإطار القدرات مع التركيز على التعلم المطلوب من الشركات متعددة الجنسيات في الأسواق الناشئة وتوضح ذلك من خلال حالة دولية شركة هيونداي موتور ونموها. كما تناقش جانبين من الاقتصاد العالمي اللذين أصبحا أكثر بروزًا منذ عام 2014 في تشكيل الأعمال الدولية: عدم اليقين الجيوسياسي والرقمنة. يبدو أن تصاعد التوترات الجيوسياسية يعيد توازن العلاقات بين الشركات متعددة الجنسيات والحكومات المحلية/المستضيفة. تسهل الرقمنة الأعمال الدولية؛ لكنها تضيف نقاط ضعف جديدة من خلال (زيادة) تسريع المنافسة، وتمكين منافسين جدد، وإدخال مخاطر نظامية في سلاسل الإمداد الرقمية. يتم استنتاج الآثار على المديرين وأعضاء مجلس الإدارة وعلماء الأعمال الدولية.
المقدمة
إطار القدرات الديناميكية
عام
الإدارة الاستراتيجية مع الاعتراف في الوقت نفسه بدور المعرفة الفنية، والإدارة (مع مجالس الإدارة)، والاستراتيجية (تييس، 2019).
القدرات العادية (والفائقة)
| النوع | الطبيعة |
| القدرات العادية (التشغيلية): | القيام بالأشياء بشكل صحيح (أفضل الممارسات) |
| القدرات الفائقة: | ما وراء أفضل الممارسات للمهام/الأنشطة التكنولوجية المتخصصة المحددة |
| القدرات الديناميكية: | فعل الأشياء الصحيحة واكتشاف الشيء (الكبير) التالي. |
القدرات الديناميكية
“الإحساس”، في سياق القدرات الديناميكية، هو القدرة، في ظل عدم اليقين الكنيتي، على التعرف على الفرص في الأسواق العالمية قبل أن تصبح واضحة تمامًا أو، في بعض الحالات، خلق فرص جديدة (هيلفات وبيتراب، 2009). الإدارة القادرة ديناميكيًا تتعرف على “الإشارات” من القريب والبعيد وستظهر مع مرور الوقت قدرة حدسية على فهم الإشارات وتحديد استراتيجيات فعالة لتطوير المنتجات (تيش، 1998).
“استغلال” هذه الفرصة، في إطار القدرات الديناميكية، يتضمن التنفيذ وتنظيم الموارد المؤسسية: الملموسة، وغير الملموسة، والمالية. في سياق الشركات متعددة الجنسيات، يُعرف تنظيم الموارد في مجال الأعمال الدولية.
الأدب كإعادة نشر، يشمل بُعدًا مكانيًا، مثل مدى تنافس الوحدات الفرعية المعتمدة على بعضها البعض ولكن الموزعة في سياقات محلية متميزة على الانتباه والتمويل، وما إلى ذلك، بالإضافة إلى التعاون ضمن شبكة الشركات متعددة الجنسيات (لو، 2005). سيتطلب النجاح في المسعى الجديد أيضًا التصميم والتنفيذ الذكي لنماذج الأعمال، وجمع ومعالجة البيانات، وإعادة ضبط حدود الشركة.
الأداء (على سبيل المثال، لوفالو، براون، تييس، وباردوليت، 2020).
تطوير القدرات والشركات متعددة الجنسيات في الأسواق الناشئة
التعلم التنظيمي
| القدرات العادية والفائقة | القدرات الديناميكية | ||
| الدور التشغيلي | الدور الريادي | دور القيادة | |
| المسؤوليات | التخطيط والميزانية | الإحساس والانقضاض | نشر الرؤية والقيم |
| الأنشطة | تنظيم وتوظيف | تنسيق (ومواءمة) الموارد | مواءمة الأشخاص مع الاستراتيجية |
| الرافعات | التحكم وحل المشكلات | الاستثمار في البحث والتطوير، وتطوير نماذج أعمال جديدة وتحالفات | بناء الثقافة وتحفيز الناس |
| الأهداف/النتائج | الكفاءة الفنية والنتائج القابلة للتنبؤ | وحدة الهدف، الميزة التنافسية، والملاءمة التطورية | |
في القسم السابق، قد تتغير الروتين، تحت إشراف القدرات الديناميكية للشركة، بشكل غير متقطع استجابةً لقرارات إدارية فردية محسوبة تهدف إلى توجيه تجديد وتكيف القدرات الحالية للشركة لتلبية متطلبات بيئة الأعمال المتغيرة بسرعة (تييس، 2012).
الشركات متعددة الجنسيات في الأسواق الناشئة و”الانطلاق”
القدرة، التي تقع بشكل رئيسي في فئة الاستيلاء (بينما تتضمن القابلية للتكيف أيضًا التحول). أيضًا، بشكل ضمني، يتضمن تحديد فرص الانطلاق الاستشعار.
قصة هيونداي موتور: التعلم والقدرات الديناميكية في العمل
| اسم المصنع | تاريخ الافتتاح | القدرة السنوية |
| هيونداي أسان أوتوموتيف (تركيا) | 1997 | 230,000 |
| هيونداي موتور الهند | 1998 | 680,000 |
| شركة بكين هيونداي موتور | 2002 | 1,250,000 |
| هيونداي موتور مانيفكتشرينغ ألاباما | 2005 | 399,500 |
| هيونداي موتور مانيفكتشرينغ تشيك | 2008 | 300,000 |
| هيونداي موتور مانيفكتشرينغ روس (روسيا) | 2010 | 200,000 |
| هيونداي ثانه كونغ مانيفكتشرينغ فيتنام | 2011 | 170,000 |
| هيونداي موتور البرازيل | 2012 | 180,000 |
| هيونداي موتور مانيفكتشرينغ إندونيسيا | 2021 | 150,000 |
| مركز ابتكار مجموعة هيونداي موتور في سنغافورة | 2022 | 30,000 |
| مجموعة هيونداي موتور ميتافاب أمريكا | 2024 | 300,000 |
المصدر: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hyundai_Motor_Company_manufacturing_facilities, تم الوصول إليه في أغسطس 2024
مجموعة الأعمال المحلية في تركيا، التي كانت تُعتبر قاعدة إقليمية للتصدير إلى وجهات الاتحاد الأوروبي. لم يكن المصنع، الذي بدأ العمل في عام 1995، ناجحًا في البداية، لكن هيونداي أصرت. لا يزال المصنع في الإنتاج وقد تضاعفت قدرته أربع مرات منذ إنشائه.
التحولات. رئيسها التنفيذي الحالي، تشونغ إوي-سون، هو حفيد المؤسس. يستمر في تعزيز الرؤية المستقبلية التي ساهمت في نجاح هيونداي. عندما أصبح رئيس المجموعة في عام 2020، وضع بصمته على الشركة من خلال إعطاء أهمية أكبر للبحث والتطوير، والالتزام بمنصة مخصصة للسيارات الكهربائية (بدلاً من وضع البطاريات في تصاميم الاحتراق الداخلي)، وترقية الأشخاص دون سن الخمسين إلى مناصب تنفيذية – وهو ما يعتبر خطوة جريئة في كوريا الجنوبية (ميتشل، 2023). كما بدأ تطوير خدمة سيارات الأجرة الروبوتية (موشنال)، وأطلق شركة سيارات الأجرة الكهربائية الجوية (سوبرنال)، واستحوذ على حصة مسيطرة في شركة الروبوتات الرائدة، بوسطن ديناميكس، مقابل حوالي
الجغرافيا السياسية الجديدة للشركات متعددة الجنسيات في اقتصاد عالمي غير مؤكد
عدم اليقين والشركة متعددة الجنسيات
إننا لا نملك وصفًا كاملاً للعالم الذي نؤمن به تمامًا. بدلاً من ذلك، نعتبر أن العالم في حالة واحدة أو أخرى من مجموعة من الحالات. كل حالة من حالات العالم هي وصف كامل لجميع الأغراض ذات الصلة. تتكون عدم يقيننا في عدم معرفتنا أي حالة هي الحالة الحقيقية. (Arrow, 1974, الصفحات 33-34)
من قرار واحد يتخذ من قبل صانع قرار ليس لديه وسيلة لمعرفة القرارات والخطط المتزامنة التي اتخذها الآخرون (أو مجرد معرفة مقاييس مجمعة مناسبة لتلك القرارات أو الخطط)، يعتبر على الأقل بنفس القدر من الأهمية من الناحية الكمية مثل عدم اليقين الأساسي الناجم عن الأفعال العشوائية للطبيعة والتغيرات غير المتوقعة في تفضيلات المستهلكين. (كوبمانز، 1957، الصفحات 162-163)
تم إنشاء شبكة الإنتاج خلال تلك الحقبة الذهبية من العولمة.
أدت القواعد إلى تخفيف التزام الولايات المتحدة بنظام التجارة الحرة المفتوحة. منذ عام 2017، قامت الولايات المتحدة بشكل أحادي بتعطيل نظام حل النزاعات الملزم في منظمة التجارة العالمية من خلال استخدام حق النقض ضد تعيينات في هيئة الاستئناف التابعة لمنظمة التجارة العالمية. حتى كتابة هذه السطور، جميع المقاعد السبعة في هيئة الاستئناف شاغرة (ألين، 2024). في هذه الأثناء، سعت الصين إلى إبرام اتفاقيات تجارية ثنائية وإقليمية، مما أدى إلى تفكك أنظمة التجارة والاستثمار. كما أن الإغلاق الشديد الذي فرضته الصين بسبب الجائحة والفوضى الناتجة في سلاسل الإمداد قد دفعا أيضًا إلى إعادة التفكير في أنماط الاستثمار القديمة، مما أدى إلى جزئي من العولمة التي لم تتضح معالمها بعد. إن انهيار النظام التجاري العالمي إلى كتل في ظل تصاعد التوترات قد أثار حتى احتمال نشوب حرب كبرى. من الواضح أن العطلة عن التاريخ قد انتهت.
الشركة متعددة الجنسيات والدولة القومية: من المسؤول؟
الشركة متعددة الجنسيات الرقمية
الخاتمة وآثار إضافية للإدارة والدراسة الأكاديمية
يجب عليهم الابتكار والتنافس في الأسواق العالمية. ينبغي عليهم التعاون مع الشركات لتحليل تأثير سياساتهم على القدرة التنافسية.
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Teece, D. J., Gupta, K., & Rosenberg, D. (2023). New priorities of corporate directors: Geopolitical and technological disruptions. International in-House Counsel Journal, 16, 1-9.
Teece, D., Peteraf, M., & Leih, S. (2016). Dynamic capabilities and organizational agility: Risk, uncertainty, and strategy in the innovation economy. California Management Review, 58(4), 13-35.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533.
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Zhang, W. (2013). Reaping the benefits of brain circulation: The impact of the overseas study and the returnees on the development of the management education in China. In I. Alon, V. Jones, & J. R. McIntyre (Eds.), Innovation in Business Education in Emerging Markets (pp. 208-221). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Zollo, M., & Winter, S. G. (2002). Deliberate learning and the evolution of dynamic capabilities. Organization Science, 13(3), 339-351.
- Accepted by Rosalie Tung,Editor in Chief, 6 October 2024.This article has been with theauthor for one revision and wassingle blind reviewed.David J. Teece
teece@haas.berkeley.edu
1 Institute for Business Innovation, University of California, Berkeley, F402 Haas School of Business, # 1930, Berkeley, CA 94720-1930, USA In Petricevic and Teece (2019), we juxtaposed a China-Russia-IranNorth Korea bloc against a Western bloc. There is arguably a third bloc composed of the rest of Asia and Africa. This third bloc sits somewhat opportunistically in the middle. Henry Ford learned about the efficiency-innovation tradeoff the hard way. The Ford Motor Company used vertical integration to optimize the production process for the Model T. This worked well until the market shifted. Bringing a follow-on product, the Model A, to market was a long and arduous process that allowed General Motors to get ahead of Ford, a leadership position GM held for decades (Tedlow, 1988). The original source of this quote, whether from Churchill or from anyone else, does not seem to have been identified. The Hyundai Motor case is drawn from Kim (1998), Steers (1999), Wright, Suh, and Leggett (2009), Chung (2019), Jacobs (2022, 2023), Teece (2022a), and information at https://www.hyundai.com. For the sake of brevity, Hyundai’s control of Kia following the 1997 Asian financial crisis is not discussed. The key hire was George Turnbull the former managing director of British Leyland’s Austin-Morris division. He, in turn, hired five other top British automobile engineers. The Hyundai Pony was based on the Morris Marina, a small sedan with styling by an Italian engineering firm. Typically, smart transformation requires absorbing short-term costs to enable long-term profits. Muñoz somehow pulled off transformation with profits. Hyundai Motor was one of the healthier affiliates within the heavily indebted Hyundai business group in the wake of the Asian financial crisis of 1997, although, as an auto company, it was a far cry from the top-tier status it can now claim. Much of the knowledge behind ordinary capabilities, including best practices, can be secured through consultants or through a modest investment in training (Bloom et al., 2013). Although considerable variance will persist, enough rivals (in open markets) will achieve best practice to drive down price-cost margins. Most famously, Jack Ma, founder of Alibaba, which became China’s largest e-commerce firm, all but disappeared from public life at the end of 2020 after Chinese regulations pulled the plug on the listing of Alibaba affiliate Ant (Financial) Group. He exited Alibaba’s board and remained outside China, keeping a very low profile, for more than a year before returning. He remains Alibaba’s largest shareholder but exercises no formal control. The US Department of Defense eventually began reimbursing SpaceX for the satellite terminals and services it was providing in Ukraine. Interestingly, there are no European Big Tech companies, reflecting in part the weakness of infrastructure for entrepreneurial capitalism in Europe. EU competition regulators were the fundamental cause of the CrowdStrike incident as they had forced Microsoft to open the Windows kernel, creating security vulnerabilities.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-024-00767-7
Publication Date: 2025-01-24
The multinational enterprise, capabilities, and digitalization: governance and growth with world disorder
© The Author(s) 2025
Abstract
This essay revisits my 2014 JIBS article about the potential for integrating international business internalization theory with a strategic management capabilities perspective. It recaps the capabilities framework with an emphasis on the learning required of emerging market multinationals and illustrates this with the case of Hyundai Motor Company’s internationalization and growth. It also discusses two aspects of the global economy that have become more prominent since 2014 in shaping international business: geopolitical uncertainty and digitalization. A rise in geopolitical tensions appears to be rebalancing the relationships between multinationals and home/host governments. Digitalization facilitates international business; but it adds new vulnerabilities by (further) accelerating competition, enabling new rivals, and introducing systemic risks into digital supply chains. Implications for managers, board members, and international business scholars are drawn.
Introduction
The dynamic capabilities framework
General
strategic management while at the same time recognizing the role of technical knowhow, management (together with boards of directors), and strategy (Teece, 2019).
Ordinary (and superordinary) capabilities
| Type | Nature |
| Ordinary (Operational) Capabilities: | Doing things right (best practices) |
| Superordinary Capabilities: | Beyond best practice for particular specialized technological tasks/activities |
| Dynamic Capabilities: | Doing the right things and figuring out the next (big) thing. |
Dynamic capabilities
“Sensing,” in the dynamic capabilities context, is the ability, under Knightian uncertainty, to either recognize opportunities in global markets before they are fully apparent or, in some cases, create new ones (Helfat & Peteraf, 2009). Dynamically capable management recognizes “signals” from near and far and will demonstrate over time an intuitive capability to make sense of the signals and identify effective product-development strategies (Teece, 1998).
“Seizing” this opportunity, in the dynamic capabilities framework, involves execution and the orchestration of corporate resources: tangible, intangible, and financial. In the MNE context, resource orchestration, known in the IB
literature as redeployment, encompasses a spatial dimension, such as the extent to which interdependent but dispersed subunits with distinct local contexts are competing for attention, finance, etc. as well as cooperating within the MNE’s network (Luo, 2005). Success in the new endeavor will also entail the astute design and implementation of business models, the gathering and processing of data, and the resetting of firm boundaries.
performance (e.g., Lovallo, Brown, Teece, & Bardolet, 2020).
Capability development and emerging market multinationals
Organizational learning
| Ordinary and superordinary capabilities | Dynamic capabilities | ||
| Operational role | Entrepreneurial role | Leadership role | |
| Responsibilities | Planning and budgeting | Sensing and seizing | Propagating vision and values |
| Activities | Organizing and staffing | Orchestrating (and aligning) resources | Aligning people with strategy |
| Levers | Control and problem solving | Investing in R&D, developing new business models and alliances | Building culture and motivating people |
| Goals/Outcomes | Technical efficiency and predictable results | Unity of purpose, competitive advantage, and evolutionary fitness | |
section, routines, under the guidance of a firm’s dynamic capabilities, may change discontinuously in response to one-off managerial decisions calculated to guide the renewal and adaptation of the firm’s current capabilities to meet the requirements of a rapidly changing business environment (Teece, 2012).
Emerging market MNEs and “springboarding”
capability, falling mainly into the Seizing category (while adaptability also involves Transforming). Also, implicitly, the identification of springboarding opportunities involves Sensing.
The Hyundai Motor story: learning and dynamic capabilities at work
| Plant name | Opened | Annual capacity |
| Hyundai Assan Otomotiv (Turkey) | 1997 | 230,000 |
| Hyundai Motor India | 1998 | 680,000 |
| Beijing Hyundai Motor Company | 2002 | 1,250,000 |
| Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama | 2005 | 399,500 |
| Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Czech | 2008 | 300,000 |
| Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus (Russia) | 2010 | 200,000 |
| Hyundai Thanh Cong Manufacturing Vietnam | 2011 | 170,000 |
| Hyundai Motor Brasil | 2012 | 180,000 |
| Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia | 2021 | 150,000 |
| Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore | 2022 | 30,000 |
| Hyundai Motor Group Metaplant America | 2024 | 300,000 |
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hyundai_Motor_Company_manufacturing_facilities, accessed August 2024
local business group in Turkey, which was seen as a regional base for exports to European Union destinations. The plant, which broke ground in 1995, was not initially successful, but Hyundai persisted. The plant is still in production and has quadrupled its capacity since its inception.
transformations. Its current executive chair, Chung Eui-sun, is a grandson of the founder. He continues the forward-looking sensing that has contributed to Hyundai’s success. When he became group chair in 2020, he placed his stamp on the company by giving a higher profile to R&D, committing to an electric-specific platform (instead of putting batteries into internal combustion designs), and promoting people under 50 to executive roles-considered a bold move in South Korea (Mitchell, 2023). He also initiated development of a robotaxi service (Motional), launched an electric air taxi company (Supernal), and acquired a controlling stake in a leading robotics firm, Boston Dynamics, for about
The new geopolitics of the MNE in an uncertain global economy
Uncertainty and the MNE
that we do not have a complete description of the world which we fully believe to be true. Instead, we consider the world to be in one or another of a range of states. Each state of the world is a description which is complete for all relevant purposes. Our uncertainty consists in not knowing which state is the true one. (Arrow, 1974, pp.33-34)
from one decision maker having no way of finding out the concurrent decisions and plans made by others (or merely knowing suitable aggregate measures of such decisions or plans), is quantitatively at least as important as the primary uncertainty arising from random acts of nature and unpredictable changes in consumers’ preferences. (Koopmans, 1957, pp. 162-163)
production network was created during that golden era of globalization.
the rules triggered a loosening of US commitment to an open free trade system. Since 2017, the US has unilaterally hamstrung the WTO’s binding dispute resolution system by vetoing appointments to the WTO Appellate Body. As of this writing, all seven Appellate Body seats are empty (Allen, 2024). Meanwhile, China has pursued bilateral and regional trade deals, causing trade and investment regimes to become more fragmented. China’s severe pandemic lockdown and the resulting supply chain chaos also spurred a rethink of old investment patterns, leading to a partial deglobalization that has yet to play out. The breakdown of the global trading system into blocs against a backdrop of rising tensions has even raised the prospect of a major war. The vacation from history is clearly at an end.
The MNE and the nation-state: who’s in charge?
The digitalized MNE
Conclusion and further implications for management and scholarship
innovate and compete in global marketplaces. They should collaborate with businesses to analyze the impact of their policies on competitiveness.
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- Accepted by Rosalie Tung,Editor in Chief, 6 October 2024.This article has been with theauthor for one revision and wassingle blind reviewed.David J. Teece
teece@haas.berkeley.edu
1 Institute for Business Innovation, University of California, Berkeley, F402 Haas School of Business, # 1930, Berkeley, CA 94720-1930, USA In Petricevic and Teece (2019), we juxtaposed a China-Russia-IranNorth Korea bloc against a Western bloc. There is arguably a third bloc composed of the rest of Asia and Africa. This third bloc sits somewhat opportunistically in the middle. Henry Ford learned about the efficiency-innovation tradeoff the hard way. The Ford Motor Company used vertical integration to optimize the production process for the Model T. This worked well until the market shifted. Bringing a follow-on product, the Model A, to market was a long and arduous process that allowed General Motors to get ahead of Ford, a leadership position GM held for decades (Tedlow, 1988). The original source of this quote, whether from Churchill or from anyone else, does not seem to have been identified. The Hyundai Motor case is drawn from Kim (1998), Steers (1999), Wright, Suh, and Leggett (2009), Chung (2019), Jacobs (2022, 2023), Teece (2022a), and information at https://www.hyundai.com. For the sake of brevity, Hyundai’s control of Kia following the 1997 Asian financial crisis is not discussed. The key hire was George Turnbull the former managing director of British Leyland’s Austin-Morris division. He, in turn, hired five other top British automobile engineers. The Hyundai Pony was based on the Morris Marina, a small sedan with styling by an Italian engineering firm. Typically, smart transformation requires absorbing short-term costs to enable long-term profits. Muñoz somehow pulled off transformation with profits. Hyundai Motor was one of the healthier affiliates within the heavily indebted Hyundai business group in the wake of the Asian financial crisis of 1997, although, as an auto company, it was a far cry from the top-tier status it can now claim. Much of the knowledge behind ordinary capabilities, including best practices, can be secured through consultants or through a modest investment in training (Bloom et al., 2013). Although considerable variance will persist, enough rivals (in open markets) will achieve best practice to drive down price-cost margins. Most famously, Jack Ma, founder of Alibaba, which became China’s largest e-commerce firm, all but disappeared from public life at the end of 2020 after Chinese regulations pulled the plug on the listing of Alibaba affiliate Ant (Financial) Group. He exited Alibaba’s board and remained outside China, keeping a very low profile, for more than a year before returning. He remains Alibaba’s largest shareholder but exercises no formal control. The US Department of Defense eventually began reimbursing SpaceX for the satellite terminals and services it was providing in Ukraine. Interestingly, there are no European Big Tech companies, reflecting in part the weakness of infrastructure for entrepreneurial capitalism in Europe. EU competition regulators were the fundamental cause of the CrowdStrike incident as they had forced Microsoft to open the Windows kernel, creating security vulnerabilities.
