DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-023-05099-7
PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38334836
تاريخ النشر: 2024-02-09
تنظيم التحول الظهاري المعتمد على Wnt/β-catenin في السرطانات البشرية
© المؤلف(ون) 2024
الملخص
الانتقال الخبيث يمثل
ملخص رسومي

مقدمة
تفاعل مستقبل Wnt مع الروابط مسؤول عن تحفيزه الذي يحسب لنقل معلومات الإشارات الخلوية من البيئة خارج الخلوية إلى الحُجرات داخل الخلوية والأهداف السفلية. يتم التحكم في Wnt بشكل صارم في الخلايا وهو مشارك مهم في العمليات الفسيولوجية بما في ذلك تمايز محور الكائن الحي، وتكوين الأنسجة، وتكوين الدماغ، وصيانة الخلايا الجذعية. أظهرت البيانات المتراكمة ارتباط عدم تنظيم Wnt بتطور الأحداث المرضية. على سطح الخلية، توجد مستقبلات بما في ذلك LRP5/6 وFZD التي يمكن أن تتفاعل مع روابط Wnt لتحفيز بروتين Dishevelled، وهو عضو في معقد مع بروتينات أخرى بما في ذلك GSK-3.
يمكن للوسائط العلوية تحديد تقدم خلايا الورم عبر Wnt/

سرطان الإنسان | الملف الجزيئي | تسليط الضوء | المراجع. |
سرطان الحنجرة | ماغب1/وينت | MAGP1 يحفز Wnt/
|
[٣٤] |
سرطان المعدة | Wnt/GPX4 |
|
[23] |
سرطان الثدي | WNT | نقص p53 يحفز الالتهاب الجهازي المعتمد على WNT، مما يزيد من تفاقم انتشار الورم. | [35] |
– | WNT | تستخدم خلايا الورم ذات المناعة العالية تنظيم مسار WNT للتوسط في التهرب المناعي | [٣٦] |
سرطان الرأس والعنق | CMTM6/ENO-1/Akt/GSK-3
|
CMTM6 يحفز مقاومة السيسبلاتين من خلال تثبيت ENO-1 وزيادة تنظيم Wnt لاحقًا | [37] |
سرطان القولون | Drp1/Wnt | زيادة تنظيم Drp1 تعزز إعادة برمجة الأيض المعتمدة على الأحماض الدهنية لتسريع تنشيط Wnt | [٣٨] |
سرطان المعدة | TNFRSF11B/Wnt | TNFRSF11B يعزز Wnt/
|
[39] |
سرطان القولون والمستقيم | Wnt | يمكن أن يؤدي تطبيق مثبطات MEK إلى تحفيز محور Wnt وزيادة مرونة الخلايا الجذعية | [40] |
سرطان الثدي | RCC2/Wnt | RCC2 ينظم Wnt لزيادة انتشار السرطان المعتمد على EMT | [41] |
سرطان الأمعاء | Wnt | بروتوك كبتيد يعزز
|
[42] |
سرطان المثانة | RSPO3/Wnt | RSPO3 ينظم Wnt وHedgehog لزيادة تكوين الأورام | [43] |
آلية EMT: الجوانب العامة والوظيفة المسرطنة
يمكن ملاحظة تنظيم تنازلي، وزيادة في تعبير الفيمينتين وN-كاديرين خلال فقدان القطبية في الخلايا الظهارية. تتواجد عوامل النسخ المحفزة لعملية التحول الظهاري (EMT-TFs) وتظهر تعبيرًا عاليًا في خلايا الورم مثل TGF-
سرطانات [58]. من الجدير بالذكر، أن تثبيط
Wnt/
إشارات بيتا-كاتينين كمنظم لعملية التحول الظهاري في السرطانات البشرية
أورام الدماغ
لإعاقة تقدم خلايا GBM، ركزت الدراسات على تقليل العوامل المسؤولة عن تحفيز EMT في السرطانات. على سبيل المثال، عندما ينخفض مستوى تعبير GOLM1 ويتم إسكاته، يحدث كبح لـ Wnt/
أورام الجهاز الهضمي
سرطان الإنسان | الملف الجزيئي | تسليط الضوء | المراجع. | ||
سرطان المبيض | إيتس1/درب1/إي إم تي | يزيد Ets1 من مستويات Drp1 لتحفيز التحول الظهاري لتعزيز الانبثاث | [60] | ||
سرطان بطانة الرحم | نيترين-1 | تثبيط نترين-1 يعيق التكاثر والتحول الظهاري المتوسط | [61] | ||
سرطان المثانة | CircPTK2/PABPC1/SETDB1 |
|
[62] | ||
– | RHOJ/EMT | RHOJ يتحكم في مقاومة الأدوية الناتجة عن التحول الظهاري من خلال زيادة الاستجابة للإجهاد التكراري وتحفيز استجابة تلف الحمض النووي. | [63] | ||
سرطان القولون والمستقيم | دي دي إكس 21 / إم سي إم 5 / إي إم تي | DDX21 يزيد من مستويات MCM5 لتحفيز غزو السرطان المعتمد على EMT | [64] | ||
سرطان البنكرياس | PYGL | PYGL يحفز إعادة برمجة استقلاب الجلوكوز لتحفيز EMT وتسريع الغزو | [65] | ||
سرطان الثدي الثلاثي السلبي | TRAIP/EMT | تأثير انخفاض TRAIP يعيق نمو وانتشار خلايا الورم | [66] | ||
سرطان البنكرياس | STMN2/Wnt | يمكن لـ STMN2 تحفيز التحول الظهاري وزيادة تقدم السرطان من خلال زيادة تنظيم Wnt. | [67] | ||
سرطان القولون والمستقيم | – | يمكن أن تؤدي توصيل الشيكوينين بواسطة النانو جزيئات إلى إعاقة الانبثاث من خلال تثبيط التحول الظهاري. | [68] |
للوفيات في السكان الصينيين [106، 107]. فيروس التهاب الكبد B (HBV) هو سبب رئيسي لـ HCC في جميع أنحاء العالم ويعود ما يصل إلى
الأورام البولية
سرطانات الدم
تكوين الورم في هذه السرطانات، يجب أن تشارك الدراسات المستقبلية في دور محور Wnt/EMT في تقدم الأورام الدموية. يظهر PLAGL2 زيادة في التعبير في اللمفوما ومن خلال تحفيز محور Wnt/
الأورام النسائية
الجزء المهم يتعلق بدور Wnt/EMT كمحور جديد في تنظيم تقدم سرطان عنق الرحم. يُعتبر APMAP أحد العوامل الرئيسية في نقائل سرطان عنق الرحم، ويحفز EMT من خلال تحفيز إشارة Wnt/
إشارة Wnt/
-catenin ومقاومة أدوية السرطان من خلال تنظيم EMT
مسار | نوع السرطان | ملاحظة | المراجع. |
TET1/DKK1/EMT | سرطان المبيض | TET1 يثبط التحول الظهاري والانتقال عبر زيادة مستويات DKK1 كمانع لوينت | [132] |
CRIP1/Wnt/EMT | سرطان المبيض | يحفز CRIP1 محور Wnt/EMT في تعزيز غزو السرطان | [١٣٣] |
CEBPA/Wnt/EMT | سرطان المبيض | CEBPA يثبط EMT من خلال تقليل Wnt مما يقلل من الغزو | [134] |
HOXB-AS3/Wnt/EMT | سرطان المبيض | HOXB-AS3 يحفز التحول الظهاري عبر مسار Wnt | [76] |
HOXC13-AS/
|
سرطان عنق الرحم | HOXC13-AS يحفز التحول الظهاري عبر التوسط
|
[135] |
CRIP1/Wnt/EMT | سرطان عنق الرحم | CRIP1 يحفز التحول الظهاري عبر تنشيط مسار Wnt | [136] |
مافي-أ3/وينت/إي إم تي | سرطان عنق الرحم | MAGE-A3 يحفز Wnt في زيادة الغزو وتوسط EMT | [137] |
SFRP1/2/Wnt/EMT | سرطان عنق الرحم | SFRP1/2 يثبطان التحول الظهاري عبر تقليل تنظيم Wnt | [138] |
SMYD2/APC2/Wnt/EMT | سرطان القولون والمستقيم | يزيد SMYD2 من تعبير Wnt من خلال تقليل APC2 لتحفيز EMT | [139] |
CD55/سماد4/
|
سرطان القولون والمستقيم | CD55/Smad4 يثبط
|
[140] |
HYD-PEP06/Wnt/EMT | سرطان الخلايا الكبدية | HYD-PEP06 يثبط محور Wnt/EMT في تقليل غزو الورم | [141] |
TNF-
|
سرطان الخلايا الكبدية | TNF-
|
[142] |
Cx32/Wnt/EMT | سرطان الخلايا الكبدية | انخفاض تعبير Cx32 يؤدي إلى Wnt/EMT | [143] |
TRIM37/Wnt/EMT | سرطان الخلايا الكبدية | TRIM37 يحفز محور Wnt/EMT في تعزيز تقدم الورم | [144] |

يؤدي إلى مقاومة 5-فلورويوراسيل في ورم القولون. يؤدي معقد الكاديرين-كاتين إلى تحفيز
استهداف ونت/ دوائياً
محور -كاتينين/ EMT

مستوى التعبير عن
تم اعتبار التدخين (TS) والعدوى الطفيلية والتعرض للإشعاع أو المواد الكيميائية كعوامل محتملة متورطة في تطوره. لقد أظهرت الأدلة المتزايدة وجود ارتباط بين TS وتطور سرطان المثانة. لقد أظهر الكركمين أنه يثبط EMT المثانة ويمنع اكتساب خصائص الخلايا الجذعية في خلايا الورم. يثبط الكركمين مسار Wnt/
تنظيم محور Wnt/EMT في انتشار السرطان بواسطة الجسيمات النانوية: رؤى جديدة
يمكن أن تحسن النانوهياكل من قدرة العلاجات التقليدية في قمع السرطان، حيث تعكس مقاومة الأدوية وتعزز العلاج المناعي. نظرًا لأن Wnt مرتبط بتحفيز EMT، تم تقديم تطبيق الجسيمات النانوية لتنظيم محور Wnt/EMT. تم تقديم هياكل السويروسيد النانوية لعلاج سرطان البروستاتا من خلال زيادة إنتاج ROS والاستماتة. علاوة على ذلك، تؤثر هذه الجسيمات النانوية على نمو وغزو خلايا الورم. إنها تعطل ميزات الخلايا الجذعية بما في ذلك CD33 وCD44. علاوة على ذلك، تؤثر جزيئات السويروسيد النانوية على نشاط TTCF/LEF لقمع
ARN غير المشفر في تنظيم Wnt/
-كاتين
الميكروRNAs

الميكرو RNA-27a هو أحد العوامل التي لا يزال دورها الدقيق في السرطان غير مؤكد، حيث يؤدي امتصاص الميكرو RNA-27a-3p بواسطة circBCAR3 إلى تقدم الورم المريئي [182]، بينما يؤدي انخفاض مستوى الميكرو RNA-27a والميكرو RNA-27b بواسطة circ0000994 إلى تثبيط الورم البنكرياسي [183]، مما يؤكد الوظيفة المزدوجة للميكرو RNA-27a في السرطانات. يظهر الميكرو RNA-135 وظيفة متناقضة مقارنة بالميكرو RNA-27a، ومن خلال تقليل تعبير SMAD3، يقوم الميكرو RNA-135 بتثبيط TGF-
تستمد الإكسوزومات من خلايا ورم الثدي مستويات عالية من miR-7-5p، مما يمكن أن يؤدي إلى تنظيم WNT غير النمطي الذي يقلل من تعبير RYK لصالح فسفرة JNK، مما يؤدي إلى تعزيز بروتين c-Jun ومنع EMT مما يقلل من انتشار السرطان. النقطة المهمة هي أن miRNAs الإكسوزومية يمكن أن تنظم مكونات TME مثل الألياف المرتبطة بالسرطان (CAFs). يظهر miR-146a تركيزًا مرتفعًا في الإكسوزومات المستمدة من خلايا ورم الثدي. من خلال تقليل مستويات TXNIP، يحفز miR-146a Wnt/
ARN غير مشفر طويل
ARNs دائرية
قد تعدل EMT في السرطانات. والأهم من ذلك، يمكن أن تقلل circRNAs من تعبير miRNA من خلال الامتصاص. الهدف العام من القسم الحالي هو تقييم دور circRNAs في تنظيم EMT من خلال استهداف Wnt. يظهر circ-0007059 وظيفة في قمع نمو الورم الرئوي والانتشار، وقدرته على تقليل الانتشار تعود إلى قمع EMT. يقلل hsa-circ-0007059 من تعبير miR-378 ليمنع Wnt.
يمكن تنظيم أكثر من مسار جزيئي في الوقت نفسه بواسطة circ-0067934، ومن الجدير بالذكر أن هذه الدائرة RNA تحفز Wnt/
الخاتمة والملاحظات
RNA غير مشفر | مسار | آلية العمل | المراجع. |
miR-621/Wnt/EMT | سرطان القولون والمستقيم | الميكرو RNA-621 يثبط التحول الظهاري عبر تقليل تنظيم Wnt | [219] |
LINC01315/Wnt/EMT | سرطان القولون والمستقيم | LINC01315 يحفز التحول الظهاري عبر زيادة تنظيم Wnt | [220] |
CircZFR/miR-3619-5p/Wnt | سرطان الخلايا الكبدية | تقوم إسفنجات CircZFR بامتصاص miR-3619-5p وتحفز مسار Wnt لتعزيز الغزو من خلال تحفيز التحول الظهاري-المتوسط. | [221] |
miR-194/Wnt/EMT | سرطان الخلايا الكبدية | miR-194 يثبط مسار Wnt لتقليل تقدم خلايا الورم ولمنع التحول الظهاري. | [222] |
CARLo-7/Wnt/EMT | سرطان المثانة | CARLo-7 يحفز محور Wnt/EMT في زيادة الانبثاث | [٢٢٣] |
DLX6-AS1/Wnt/EMT | سرطان المثانة | DLX6-AS1 يحاكي محور Wnt/EMT | [224] |
LSINCT5/NCYM/Wnt/EMT | سرطان المثانة | يتفاعل LSINCT5 مع NCYM لزيادة تعبير Wnt للتوسط في EMT | [225] |
PlncRNA-1/Wnt/EMT | سرطان القولون والمستقيم | يحفز PlncRNA-1 مسار Wnt مما يزيد من غزو السرطان وتحفيز التحول الظهاري. | [226] |
ADAMTS9-AS1/Wnt | سرطان القولون والمستقيم | ADAMTS9-AS1 يثبط محور Wnt/EMT في تقليل غزو وانتشار خلايا الورم | [227] |
الـ RNA الطويل غير المشفر-SRA/Wnt/التحول الظهاري | سرطان بطانة الرحم | SRA يحفز محور Wnt/EMT في زيادة تقدم السرطان | [228] |
LINC01225/Wnt/EMT | سرطان المعدة | LINC012225 يحفز إشارة Wnt مما يزيد من تقدم السرطان من خلال تحفيز التحول الظهاري. | [229] |
circ_0003789/Wnt/EMT | سرطان المعدة | يحفز Circ_0003789 محور Wnt/EMT | [230] |
JPX/miR-33a-5p/Twist1 | سرطان الرئة | تقوم JPX بامتصاص miR-33a-5p لزيادة تعبير Twist1، حيث يقوم Twist1 بتحفيز Wnt ويعزز التحول الظهاري. | [231] |
miR-516a-3p/Pygo2/Wnt/EMT | سرطان الثدي | miR-516a-3p يثبط محور Pygo2/Wnt في تثبيط EMT | [232] |
miR-15a-3p/Wnt/EMT | سرطان البروستاتا | miR-15a-3p يثبط محور Wnt/EMT | [233] |
LncRNA-MIR17HG/miR-17/miR-18a/Wnt/EMT | سرطان القولون | LncRNA-MIR17HG عزز تعبير miR-17 و miR-18a لتحفيز Wnt/EMT | [234] |
miR-370-3p/Wnt7a/EMT | سرطان المثانة | miR-370-3p يثبط تعبير Wnt7a لتثبيط EMT | [235] |

يمكن تعديل محور Wnt/EMT بواسطة هذه النسخ من RNA غير المشفرة. علاوة على ذلك، فإن المركبات الصيدلانية والهياكل النانوية قادرة على كبح Wnt/EMT في تقليل غزو وانتشار خلايا الورم.
الإعلانات
موافقة الأخلاقيات والموافقة على المشاركة غير قابلة للتطبيق.
الموافقة على النشر غير قابلة للتطبيق.
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218. Liu R et al (2021) Circ_0082182 promotes oncogenesis and metastasis of colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo by sponging miR-411 and miR-1205 to activate the Wnt/
219. Chen X et al (2022) MicroRNA-621 functions as a metastasis suppressor in colorectal cancer by directly targeting LEF1 and suppressing Wnt/
220. Liu Y, Zhou WL (2022) LINC01315 accelerates the growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer cells via activating the Wnt/
221. Tan A, Li Q, Chen L (2019) CircZFR promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through regulating miR-3619-5p/ CTNNB1 axis and activating Wnt/
222. Tang H et al (2019) MicroRNA-194 inhibits cell invasion and migration in hepatocellular carcinoma through PRC1-mediated inhibition of Wnt/
223. Huang H et al (2020) LncRNA CARLo-7 facilitates proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of bladder cancer cells by regulating Wnt/
224. Guo J et al (2019) The lncRNA DLX6-AS1 promoted cell proliferation, invasion, migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in bladder cancer via modulating Wnt/
225. Zhu X et al (2018) LSINCT5 activates Wnt/
226. Jia GQ et al (2018) Long non-coding RNA PlncRNA-1 promotes cell proliferation and hepatic metastasis in colorectal cancer. J Cell Biochem 119(8):7091-7104
227. Li N et al (2020) Long non-coding RNA ADAMTS9-AS1 suppresses colorectal cancer by inhibiting the Wnt/
228. Park SA et al (2020) Long non-coding RNA steroid receptor activator promotes the progression of endometrial cancer via Wnt/
229. Xu Y et al (2019) Long non-coding RNA LINC01225 promotes proliferation, invasion and migration of gastric cancer via Wnt/
230. Shao Z et al (2020) Circ_0003789 facilitates gastric cancer progression by inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the Wnt/
231. Pan J et al (2020) lncRNA JPX/miR-33a-5p/Twist1 axis regulates tumorigenesis and metastasis of lung cancer by activating Wnt
232. Chi Y et al (2019) miR-516a-3p inhibits breast cancer cell growth and EMT by blocking the Pygo2/Wnt signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 23(9):6295-6307
233. Cui Y et al (2019) miR-15a-3p suppresses prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion by targeting SLC39A7 via downregulating Wnt/
234. Yuan G et al (2019) LncRNA-MIR17HG mediated upregulation of miR-17 and miR-18a promotes colon cancer progression via activating Wnt/
235. Huang
- Wenhua Xue and Lin Yang have contributed equally to this work.
Milad Ashrafizadeh
dvm.milad1994@gmail.com
Yu Tian
Tian_Yu@ben.edu
Ranran Sun
fccsunrr@zzu.edu.cn
1 Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, People’s Republic of China2 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi, China3 Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
4 School of Public Health, Benedictine University, Lisle, USA
5 Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China - transfer into nucleus and enhance gene transcription. However, lack of Wnt ligand mediates the phosphorylation of
-catenin to enhance its proteasomal degradation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-023-05099-7
PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38334836
Publication Date: 2024-02-09
Wnt/
-catenin-driven EMT regulation in human cancers
© The Author(s) 2024
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for
Graphical abstract

Introduction
[12, 13]. The interaction of Wnt receptor with ligands is responsible for its stimulation accounting for transmission of cell signaling information from extracellular environment to intracellular compartments and downstream targets [14]. Wnt is tightly controlled in cells and is an important participant in physiological processes including organism axis differentiation, tissue formation, brain formation and stem cell maintenance [15, 16]. Accumulating data has shown association of Wnt dysregulation with the development of pathological events [17, 18]. On the cell surface, there are receptors including LRP5/6 and FZD that can interact with Wnt ligands to induce Dishevelled protein, a member of complex with other proteins including GSK-3
upstream mediators can determine progression of tumor cells via Wnt/

Human cancer | Molecular profile | Highlight | Refs. |
Laryngeal cancer | MAGP1/Wnt | MAGP1 stimulates Wnt/
|
[34] |
Gastric cancer | Wnt/GPX4 |
|
[23] |
Breast cancer | WNT | The p53 deficiency stimulates WNT-mediated systemic inflammation, aggravating tumor metastasis | [35] |
– | WNT | The high immunogenic tumor cells use WNT pathway upregulation for mediating immune evasion | [36] |
Head and neck cancer | CMTM6/ENO-1/Akt/GSK-3
|
CMTM6 stimulates cisplatin resistance through stabilization of ENO-1 and subsequent upregulation of Wnt | [37] |
Colon cancer | Drp1/Wnt | The upregulation of Drp1 enhances the fatty acid-mediated metabolic reprogramming to accelerate Wnt activation | [38] |
Gastric cancer | TNFRSF11B/Wnt | TNFRSF11B enhances Wnt/
|
[39] |
Colorectal cancer | Wnt | The application of MEK inhibitors can stimulate Wnt axis and enhance stem cell plasticity | [40] |
Breast cancer | RCC2/Wnt | RCC2 upregulates Wnt to induce EMT-mediated cancer metastasis | [41] |
Intestinal cancer | Wnt | PROTAC as a peptide enhances
|
[42] |
Bladder cancer | RSPO3/Wnt | RSPO3 upregulates Wnt and Hedgehog to increase tumorigenesis | [43] |
EMT mechanism: general aspects and carcinogenic function
down-regulation, and vimentin and N-cadherin upregulation can be observed during loss of polarity in epithelial cells. The EMT-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs) are present and demonstrate high expression in tumor cells such as TGF-
cancers [58]. Noteworthy, inhibition of
Wnt/
-catenin signaling as a regulator of EMT in human cancers
Brain tumors
to disrupt progression of GBM cells, studies have focused on knock-down of factors responsible for EMT stimulation in cancers. For instance, when expression level of GOLM1 decreases and it is silenced, suppression of Wnt/
Gastrointestinal tumors
Human cancer | Molecular profile | Highlight | Refs. | ||
Ovarian cancer | Ets1/Drp1/EMT | Ets1 increases Drp1 levels to induce EMT for enhancing metastasis | [60] | ||
Endometrial cancer | Netrin-1 | The inhibition of Netrin-1 impairs the proliferation and EMT | [61] | ||
Bladder cancer | CircPTK2/PABPC1/SETDB1 |
|
[62] | ||
– | RHOJ/EMT | RHOJ controls the EMT-induced drug resistance through increasing response to replicative stress and stimulation of DNA damage response | [63] | ||
Colorectal cancer | DDX21/MCM5/EMT | DDX21 increases MCM5 levels to induce EMT-mediated cancer invasion | [64] | ||
Pancreatic cancer | PYGL | PYGL stimulates the reprogramming in glucose metabolism to induce EMT and accelerate invasion | [65] | ||
Triple-negative breast cancer | TRAIP/EMT | TRAIP knock-down impairs the growth and metastasis of tumor cells | [66] | ||
Pancreatic cancer | STMN2/Wnt | STMN2 is able to stimulate EMT and increase cancer progression through Wnt upregulation | [67] | ||
Colorectal cancer | – | Delivery of shikonin by nanoparticles can impair metastasis through EMT inhibition | [68] |
causes of death in Chinese population [106, 107]. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a leading cause of HCC around the world and up to
Urological tumors
Hematological cancers
tumorigenesis in these cancers, future studies should be engaged towards the role of Wnt/EMT axis in hematological tumor progression. PLAGL2 shows upregulation in lymphoma and by inducing Wnt/
Gynecological tumors
the important part is related to role of Wnt/EMT as a novel axis in regulating cervical cancer progression. APMAP is deemed one of the key factors in cervical cancer metastasis, and stimulates EMT through induction of Wnt/
Wnt/
-catenin signaling and cancer drug resistance via regulation of EMT
Pathway | Cancer type | Remark | Refs. |
TET1/DKK1/EMT | Ovarian cancer | TET1 suppresses EMT and metastasis via increasing levels of DKK1 as Wnt inhibitor | [132] |
CRIP1/Wnt/EMT | Ovarian cancer | CRIP1 stimulates Wnt/EMT axis in enhancing cancer invasion | [133] |
CEBPA/Wnt/EMT | Ovarian cancer | CEBPA suppresses EMT via Wnt down-regulation in decreasing invasion | [134] |
HOXB-AS3/Wnt/EMT | Ovarian cancer | HOXB-AS3 induces EMT via Wnt pathway | [76] |
HOXC13-AS/
|
Cervical cancer | HOXC13-AS induces EMT via mediating
|
[135] |
CRIP1/Wnt/EMT | Cervical cancer | CRIP1 induces EMT via triggering Wnt pathway | [136] |
MAFE-A3/Wnt/EMT | Cervical cancer | MAGE-A3 stimulates Wnt in increasing invasion and mediating EMT | [137] |
SFRP1/2/Wnt/EMT | Cervical cancer | SFRP1/2 suppress EMT via Wnt down-regulation | [138] |
SMYD2/APC2/Wnt/EMT | Colorectal cancer | SMYD2 increases Wnt expression vi aAPC2 down-regulation to induce EMT | [139] |
CD55/Smad4/
|
Colorectal cancer | CD55/Smad4 suppresses
|
[140] |
HYD-PEP06/Wnt/EMT | Hepatocellular carcinoma | HYD-PEP06 inhibits Wnt/EMT axis in reducing tumor invasion | [141] |
TNF-
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma | TNF-
|
[142] |
Cx32/Wnt/EMT | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Low expression of Cx32 leads to Wnt/EMT | [143] |
TRIM37/Wnt/EMT | Hepatocellular carcinoma | TRIM37 stimulates Wnt/EMT axis in promoting tumor progression | [144] |

it leads to 5-flourouracil resistance in colorectal tumor. The cadherin-catenin complex leads to simulation of
Pharmacological targeting of Wnt/
-catenin/ EMT axis

expression level of
smoke (TS), parasitic infection and radiation or chemical exposure have been considered as possible factors involved in its development. Accumulating evidence has shown an association between TS and development of bladder cancer [168]. Curcumin has been shown to suppress urocystic EMT and prevents acquisition of stemness in tumor cells. Curcumin suppresses Wnt/
Nanoparticle-mediated regulation of Wnt/ EMT axis in cancer metastasis: new visions
nanostructures can improve the ability of conventional therapies in cancer suppression, they reverse drug resistance and augment immunotherapy [173-176]. Since Wnt has been associated with EMT induction, the application of nanoparticles for the regulation of Wnt/EMT axis has been provided. The sweroside nanostructures have been introduced for the treatment of prostate cancer through increasing ROS generation and apoptosis. Moreover, these nanoparticles impair growth and invasion of tumor cells. They disrupt the stem cell features including CD33 and CD44. Moreover, sweroside nanoparticles impair TTCF/LEF activity to suppress
Noncoding RNAs in regulation of Wnt/
-catenin
microRNAs

miR-27a is one of the factors that its exact function in cancer is not certain and miR-27a-3p sponging by circBCAR3 results in esophageal tumor progression [182], while down-regulation of miR-27a and miR-27b by circ0000994 results in pancreatic tumor suppression [183], confirming dual function of miR-27a in cancers. miR-135 shows a contrast function compared to miR-27a and by decreasing SMAD3 expression, miR-135 suppresses TGF-
exosomes derived from breast tumor cells have high levels of miR-7-5p, it can lead to the regulation of atypical WNT in which reducing RYK expression to favor JNK phosphorylation, resulting in c-Jun protein enhancement and subsequent EMT inhibition in decreasing cancer metastasis [198]. The catch point is that exosomal miRNAs can regulate TME components such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). miR-146a demonstrates enrichment in exosomes derived from breast tumor cells. Through reduction in TXNIP levels, miR-146a induces Wnt/
Long noncoding RNAs
Circular RNAs
may modulate EMT in cancers [209]. More importantly, circRNAs can decrease miRNA expression via sponging [210]. The overall aim of current section is to evaluate role of circRNAs in EMT regulation via targeting Wnt. Circ-0007059 shows function in suppression of lung tumor growth and metastasis, and its ability in decreasing metastasis is due to EMT suppression. The hsa-circ-0007059 decreases miR-378 expression to inhibit Wnt/
than one molecular pathway can be simultaneously regulated by circ-0067934 and notably, this circRNA induces Wnt/
Conclusion and remarks
Non-coding RNA | Pathway | Action mechanism | Refs. |
miR-621/Wnt/EMT | Colorectal cancer | miR-621 suppresses EMT via Wnt down-regulation | [219] |
LINC01315/Wnt/EMT | Colorectal cancer | LINC01315 induces EMT via Wnt upregulation | [220] |
CircZFR/miR-3619-5p/Wnt | Hepatocellular carcinoma | CircZFR sponges miR-3619-5p and induces Wnt pathway to promote invasion via EMT induction | [221] |
miR-194/Wnt/EMT | Hepatocellular carcinoma | miR-194 suppresses Wnt pathway to reduce progression of tumor cells and to inhibit EMT | [222] |
CARLo-7/Wnt/EMT | Bladder cancer | CARLo-7 induces Wnt/EMT axis in increasing metastasis | [223] |
DLX6-AS1/Wnt/EMT | Bladder cancer | DLX6-AS1 simulates Wnt/EMT axis | [224] |
LSINCT5/NCYM/Wnt/EMT | Bladder cancer | LSINCT5 interacts with NCYM in increasing Wnt expression to mediate EMT | [225] |
PlncRNA-1/Wnt/EMT | Colorectal cancer | PlncRNA-1 activates Wnt in increasing cancer invasion and EMT induction | [226] |
ADAMTS9-AS1/Wnt | Colorectal cancer | ADAMTS9-AS1 suppresses Wnt/EMT axis in reducing invasion and metastasis of tumor cells | [227] |
LncRNA-SRA/Wnt/EMT | Endometrial cancer | SRA induces Wnt/EMT axis in increasing cancer progression | [228] |
LINC01225/Wnt/EMT | Gastric cancer | LINC012225 induces Wnt signaling in increasing cancer progression through EMT induction | [229] |
Circ_0003789/Wnt/EMT | Gastric cancer | Circ_0003789 stimulates Wnt/EMT axis | [230] |
JPX/miR-33a-5p/Twist1 | Lung cancer | JPX sponges miR-33a-5p to increase Twist1 expression Twist1 induces Wnt and promotes EMT | [231] |
miR-516a-3p/Pygo2/Wnt/EMT | Breast cancer | miR-516a-3p suppresses Pygo2/Wnt axis in EMT inhibition | [232] |
miR-15a-3p/Wnt/EMT | Prostate cancer | miR-15a-3p suppresses Wnt/EMT axis | [233] |
LncRNA-MIR17HG/miR-17/ miR-18a/Wnt/EMT | Colon cancer | LncRNA-MIR17HG promoted miR-17 and miR-18a expression to induce Wnt/EMT | [234] |
miR-370-3p/Wnt7a/EMT | Bladder cancer | miR-370-3p suppresses Wnt7a expression to suppress EMT | [235] |

non-coding RNAs, Wnt/EMT axis can be modulated by these RNA transcripts. Furthermore, pharmacological compounds and nanostructures are capable of Wnt/EMT suppression in reducing invasion and metastasis of tumor cells.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable.
Consent for publication Not applicable.
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- Wenhua Xue and Lin Yang have contributed equally to this work.
Milad Ashrafizadeh
dvm.milad1994@gmail.com
Yu Tian
Tian_Yu@ben.edu
Ranran Sun
fccsunrr@zzu.edu.cn
1 Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, People’s Republic of China2 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi, China3 Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
4 School of Public Health, Benedictine University, Lisle, USA
5 Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China - transfer into nucleus and enhance gene transcription. However, lack of Wnt ligand mediates the phosphorylation of
-catenin to enhance its proteasomal degradation