DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.622
PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38179597
تاريخ النشر: 2024-01-01
جمع مبادرة حقوق الجودة لمنظمة الصحة العالمية وبرنامج الجمعية العالمية للطب النفسي حول تنفيذ البدائل للإكراه في الرعاية الصحية النفسية: هدف مشترك للعمل
الملخص
خلفية: يعترف أصحاب المصلحة في جميع أنحاء العالم بشكل متزايد بالحاجة إلى معالجة الممارسات القسرية في الرعاية الصحية النفسية. تم وصف الخيارات وتقييمها في عدة دول، كما لوحظ مؤخرًا في وثائق سياسة رئيسية من منظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO) والجمعية العالمية للطب النفسي (WPA). تعزز مبادرة حقوق الجودة التابعة لمنظمة الصحة العالمية حقوق الإنسان وجودة الرعاية للأشخاص الذين يعانون من حالات الصحة النفسية والإعاقات النفسية الاجتماعية. تدعو بيان موقف من الجمعية العالمية للطب النفسي إلى تنفيذ بدائل للإكراه في الرعاية الصحية النفسية.
الأهداف
الطريقة
تقديم الخدمة، بما في ذلك التدخل المبكر في الوقاية والرعاية وغيرها من التغييرات في السياسات والممارسات.
النتائج
الاستنتاجات
الكلمات المفتاحية
حقوق الطبع والنشر والاستخدام
مبادرة QualityRights التابعة لمنظمة الصحة العالمية
لحقوق الإنسان. تعتبر الجهود المبذولة للقضاء على القبول القسري والعلاج بما في ذلك استخدام العزل والقيود، هدفًا يتماشى مع التفسير المعتمد من الأمم المتحدة لاتفاقية حقوق الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة، مكونات مهمة من مبادرة QualityRights كما هو موضح في النقاش أدناه.
الخدمة المقدمة. توفر هذه الأداة من منظمة الصحة العالمية أيضًا إرشادات حول استخدام نهج تشاركي للعمل من خلال الأولويات المحددة خلال تقييم الخدمة، وتطوير خطة عمل لمعالجة هذه الأولويات.
بيان موقف الرابطة العالمية للطب النفسي حول تنفيذ البدائل للإكراه في الرعاية الصحية النفسية
المهنة النفسية، مع التركيز على تنفيذ بدائل للإكراه وتحديد الفرص لتجربة المبادرات الواعدة في إعدادات مختلفة.
المرضى وعائلاتهم للدعوة إلى وتنفيذ التغييرات في الإعدادات السريرية والسياسية والثقافية.
نقاش
بعض الخدمات التي تم عرضها في إرشادات منظمة الصحة العالمية وحزمها الفنية حول خدمات الصحة النفسية المجتمعية القائمة على الحقوق قد أحالت أقلية من المرضى إلى خدمات أخرى حيث لا تزال الممارسات القسرية قائمة، عندما واجهت مواقف اعتبرتها صعبة للغاية. ومع ذلك، من المهم الاعتراف بأن خدمات الممارسات الجيدة المعروضة في إرشادات منظمة الصحة العالمية تعمل ضمن أنظمة لا تتماشى مع المعايير الحالية لحقوق الإنسان التي تفرضها اتفاقية حقوق الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة. تجادل منظمة الصحة العالمية بأنه إذا كانت الخدمات قادرة على العمل ضمن إطار تتماشى فيه السياسات والقوانين والمواقف والأفكار مع هذه المعايير، يمكن استيعاب الأشخاص الذين يشكلون قضايا أمان أو يواجهون أزمات حادة صعبة ودعمهم بشكل غير قسري.
معالجة العوامل المالية والتنظيمية
تكون قائمة في المجتمع، موجهة نحو الحقوق ومرتكية على الشخص في جوهرها، وتنفذ بنشاط بدائل للإكراه.
التدريب والتعليم
السياسة والقانون المتعلقان بالصحة النفسية
لذا، يجب ضمان أن السياسات والخطط المتعلقة بالصحة النفسية تعزز بشكل صريح التحول نحو خدمات شاملة ومتمحورة حول الشخص وموجهة نحو التعافي وشاملة تحترم إرادة الناس وتفضيلاتهم في العلاج.
البحث عن البدائل للإكراه
الخبرة الحياتية، والعائلات، وعناصر المجتمع المدني وغيرهم من الفاعلين بما في ذلك، وبشكل خاص، أولئك في المناصب القيادية أن يفكروا في كيفية المساهمة بنشاط في التغيير. هناك حاجة إلى تغيير للحفاظ على حقوق الإنسان وتحسين جودة الرعاية الصحية النفسية، مع الاستفادة الكاملة من أدوات منظمة الصحة العالمية الخاصة بجودة الحقوق ومواد التدريب والموارد التي تبرزها هذه الورقة.
سيلفانا غالدرسي (د)، قسم الصحة النفسية والبدنية والطب الوقائي، جامعة كامبانيا لويجي فانفيتيلي، إيطاليا؛ أفزال جاويد (د)، مركز الأبحاث النفسية في باكستان، معهد فاونتين هاوس، لاهور، باكستان;
هيلين هيرمان، أوريجن، باركفيل، أستراليا؛ ومركز الصحة النفسية للشباب، جامعة ملبورن، أستراليا؛ ميشيل فونك، قسم الصحة النفسية واستخدام المواد، منظمة الصحة العالمية، جنيف، سويسرا
تم الاستلام لأول مرة في 1 فبراير 2023، المراجعة النهائية في 13 نوفمبر 2023، المقبول في 13 نوفمبر 2023
توفر البيانات
الشكر والتقدير
مساهمات المؤلفين
التمويل
إعلان المصالح
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Joint first authors.
Joint senior authors.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.622
PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38179597
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Bringing together the World Health Organization’s QualityRights initiative and the World Psychiatric Association’s programme on implementing alternatives to coercion in mental healthcare: a common goal for action
Abstract
Background Stakeholders worldwide increasingly acknowledge the need to address coercive practices in mental healthcare. Options have been described and evaluated in several countries, as noted recently in major policy documents from the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Psychiatric Association (WPA). The WHO’s QualityRights initiative promotes human rights and quality of care for persons with mental health conditions and psychosocial disabilities. A position statement from the WPA calls for implementation of alternatives to coercion in mental healthcare.
Aims
Method
service provision, including early intervention in prevention and care and other policy and practice changes.
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Copyright and usage
WHO QualityRights initiative
human rights standards. Efforts to eliminate forced admission and treatment including the use of seclusion and restraints, a goal in line with the United Nations authoritative interpretation of the CRPD, are important components of the QualityRights initiative as detailed in the discussion below.
the service provided. This WHO tool also provides guidance on using a participatory approach to work through the specific priorities identified during the service assessment, and develop an action plan to address these.
The WPA Position Statement on Implementing Alternatives to Coercion in Mental Healthcare
psychiatric profession, with emphasis on implementing alternatives to coercion and identifying opportunities to trial promising initiatives in different settings.
patients and their families to advocate for and enact changes in clinical, political and cultural settings.
Discussion
some services showcased in the WHO’s guidance and technical packages on rights-based community mental health services had referred a minority of patients to other services where coercive practices still operate, when confronted with situations they deemed too challenging. However, it is important to acknowledge that the good practice services showcased in the WHO guidance are operating within systems that are not aligned with current human rights standards mandated by the CRPD. The WHO argues that if services were able to function within a framework in which polices, laws, attitudes and mindsets were aligned with these standards, persons posing safety issues or experiencing challenging acute crises could be accommodated and supported non-coercively.
Addressing financial and organisational factors
are based in the community, rights-oriented and person-centred at their core, and actively implement alternatives to coercion.
Training and education
Mental health-related policy and law
therefore ensuring that mental health policies and plans explicitly promote a shift toward comprehensive, person-centred, recoveryoriented and holistic services that respect people’s will and preferences in treatment.
Research on alternatives to coercion
lived experience, families, civil society actors and other actors including, and in particular, those in leadership positions should consider how they can actively contribute to change. Change is needed to uphold human rights and improve the quality of mental healthcare, making full use of the WHO QualityRights tools and training materials and the WPA resources highlighted in this paper.
Silvana Galderisi (D), Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy; Afzal Javed (D), Pakistan Psychiatric Research Centre, Fountain House Institute, Lahore, Pakistan;
Helen Herrman, Orygen, Parkville, Australia; and Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Michelle Funk, Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
First received 1 Feb 2023, final revision 13 Nov 2023, accepted 13 Nov 2023
Data availability
Acknowledgements
Author contributions
Funding
Declaration of interest
References
2 World Health Organization (WHO). Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 20132030. WHO, 2021 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031029).
5 World Health Organization (WHO). WHO QualityRights Tool Kit. WHO, 2012 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548410).
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11 Newton-Howes G, Savage M, Arnold R, Hasegawa T, Staggs V, Kisely S. The use of mechanical restraint in Pacific Rim countries: an international epidemiological study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2020; 29: e190.
12 Kersting XA, Hirsch S, Steinert T. Physical harm and death in the context of coercive measures in psychiatric patients: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10: 400.
13 Murphy R, McGuinness D, Bainbridge E, Brosnan L, Felzmann H, Keys M, et al. Service users’ experiences of involuntary hospital admission under the Mental Health Act 2001 in the Republic of Ireland. Psychiatr Serv 2017; 68(11): 1127-35.
14 Newton-Howes G, Mullen R. Coercion in psychiatric care: systematic review of correlates and themes. Psychiatr Serv 2011; 62(5): 465-70.
15 Strout TD. Perspectives on the experience of being physically restrained: an integrative review of the qualitative literature. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2010; 19(6): 416-27.
16 Chieze M, Hurst S, Kaiser S, Sentissi O. Effects of seclusion and restraint in adult psychiatry: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10: 491.
17 Lasalvia A, Zoppei S, Van Bortel T, Bonetto C, Cristofalo D, Wahlbeck K, et al. Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet 2013; 381 (9860): 55-62.
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22 Guilloud SD. The right to liberty of persons with psychosocial disabilities at the united nations: a tale of two interpretations. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2019; 66: 101497.
23 UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. General Comment No. 1 – Article 12: Equal Recognition Before the Law (Adopted 11 April 2014). United Nations, 2014 (https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-comment-no-1-article-12-equal-recognition-1).
24 Dawson J. A realistic approach to assessing mental health laws’ compliance with the UNCRPD. Int J Law Psychiatry 2015; 40: 70-9.
25 Callaghan SM, Ryan C. Is there a future for involuntary treatment in rightsbased mental health law? Psychiatry Psychol Law 2014; 21(5): 747-66.
26 Mezzina R, Rosen A, Amering M, Javed A. The practice of freedom: human rights and the global mental health agenda. In Advances in Psychiatry (eds A Javed, K Foundoulakis): 483-515. Springer Publishing, 2019.
27 Funk M, Drew N. Practical strategies to end coercive practices in mental health services. World Psychiatry 2019; 18(1): 43-4.
28 Funk M, Drew N. WHO QualityRights: transforming mental health services. Lancet Psychiatry 2017; 4(11): 826-7.
30 World Health Organization (WHO). Transforming Services and Promoting Human Rights: WHO QualityRights Training and Guidance: Mental Health and Social Services: Course Guide. WHO, 2019 (https://apps.who.int/iris/bit-stream/handle/10665/329611/9789241516815-eng.pdf).
31 Smith GM, Ashbridge DM, Altenor A, Steinmetz W, Davis RH, Mader P, et al. Relationship between seclusion and restraint reduction and assaults in Pennsylvania’s forensic services centers: 2001-2010. Psychiatr Serv 2015; 66 (12): 1326-32.
33 Smith GM, Altenor A, Altenor RJ, Davis RH, Steinmetz W, Adair DK, et al. Effects of ending the use of seclusion and mechanical restraint in the Pennsylvania state hospital system, 2011-2020. Psychiatr Serv 2023; 74(2): 173-81.
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Joint first authors.
Joint senior authors.
