DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01567-2
PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38360709
تاريخ النشر: 2024-02-15
أثر استراتيجيات التنظيم الذاتي على دافعية تعلم اللغة لدى متعلمي اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية، ورغبتهم في التواصل، وكفاءتهم الذاتية، وإبداعهم
الملخص
حاولت هذه الدراسة معرفة كيف أثرت استراتيجيات التنظيم الذاتي (SRS) على الدافع، والكفاءة الذاتية، والرغبة في التواصل (WTC)، والإبداع لدى متعلمي اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية في الصين أثناء تعلمهم للغة الإنجليزية. لتحقيق ذلك، تم اختيار ثمانين طالبًا من مستوى متوسط في اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية وتقسيمهم إلى مجموعتين: مجموعة تجريبية ومجموعة ضابطة. ثم تم استخدام أربعة استبيانات لتقييم دافع المشاركين لاكتساب اللغة، والرغبة في التواصل، والكفاءة الذاتية، والإبداع قبل التدخل. بعد ذلك، تم استخدام استراتيجيات التنظيم الذاتي لعلاج المجموعة التجريبية (EG)، بينما تم تقديم تعليم تقليدي للمجموعة الضابطة (CG) دون استخدام استراتيجيات التنظيم الذاتي. تم إعطاء أربعة استبيانات مرة أخرى كاختبارات بعدية بعد علاج استمر 15 جلسة لقياس كيف أثر العلاج على دافع الطلاب لاكتساب اللغة، والرغبة في التواصل، والكفاءة الذاتية، والإبداع. استنادًا إلى نتائج الدراسة، تفوقت المجموعة التجريبية بشكل كبير على المجموعة الضابطة في كل من الاختبارات الأربعة اللاحقة. تحمل نتائج هذا البحث بعض الدلالات للباحثين، ومعلمي اللغة الإنجليزية، ومتعلّمي اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية، وغيرهم من المعنيين.
مقدمة
تعتمد طرق ونتائج تعليم وتعلم لغة بشكل كبير على التنظيم الذاتي. التعلم المنظم ذاتيًا (SRL) له عدة تعريفات. يستخدم متعلمو اللغة تقنيات التنظيم الذاتي لتعديل عملياتهم المعرفية. كما يشير أيضًا إلى التقنيات الإدارية التي يستخدمونها لتنظيم رحلتهم التعليمية. وفقًا للمصدر، فإن أهم ثلاث تقنيات تنظيم ذاتي هي إدارة الموارد، والتقنيات المعرفية، والتقنيات فوق المعرفية. تُعرف العمليات المتعلقة بالتعلم والذاكرة والفهم التي يستخدمها متعلمو اللغة بالاستراتيجيات المعرفية. بعبارة أخرى، يشارك متعلمو اللغة في عمليات تتعلق بـ
تحضير مواد جديدة للتخزين في الذاكرة طويلة الأمد وربطها ودمجها مع المعرفة الموجودة. وفقًا لـ [5]، فإن الأساليب الميتا معرفية تشرف على الاستراتيجيات المعرفية وتوجهها وتنظمها.
من ناحية أخرى، يفتقرون إلى الدافع للدراسة، ولديهم آراء غير مواتية تجاه الموضوع، و/أو يبذلون جهدًا ضئيلًا لتحقيق أهدافهم. جميع هذه المكونات – الجهد، والرغبة، والهدف، والموقف – ضرورية للحفاظ على الدافع، وفقدان أي واحد منها قد يشير إلى نقص في الدافع. على سبيل المثال، إذا كان الطالب يرغب في استخدام اللغة بطلاقة ولكنه لا يبذل الجهد اللازم، فلن يتم تحقيق هذا الهدف ويمكن اعتبار الطالب فاقدًا للدافع.
أنشطة الفصل الدراسي [25]. وقد تم اقتراح أن عاملاً حاسماً في نجاح التواصل بلغة ثانية هو الميل للمشاركة والانخراط في أنشطة الفصل الدراسي والمحادثات. يُعرف هذا الميل، المعروف باسم WTC، بأنه الاستعداد للانخراط في حديث مع شخص معين أو أشخاص باستخدام لغة ثانية في لحظة معينة. وفقًا لـ [26]، فإن WTC هو الرغبة في بدء محادثة عند منح الخيار في سياق لغة ثانية.
مراجعة الأدبيات
الخلفية النظرية لاستراتيجية التنظيم الذاتي
تشير الاستقلالية إلى أن التنظيم الذاتي هو مهارة يمكن تعزيزها.
الكفاءة الذاتية
[46] وجدت أن الأشخاص الذين لديهم مستويات أعلى من الكفاءة الذاتية يميلون أيضًا إلى أن يكونوا أكثر تحفيزًا داخليًا، ويحددون أهدافًا تحديّة لأنفسهم، ويحافظون على التزام قوي تجاه مساعيهم [47]. حددت الإقناع اللفظي، والتجارب غير المباشرة، وتجارب الإتقان الفعّالة، والحالة الفسيولوجية والعاطفية للفرد كمصادر رئيسية لأفكار الكفاءة الذاتية. وفقًا لـ [48]، فإن العامل الأساسي الذي يسهم في الكفاءة الذاتية هو تجارب الإتقان النشطة. الإتقان الفعّال
تُرتبط التجارب، وفقًا لشرحهم، بوعي الفرد بقدرته على القيام بنشاط معين بشكل فعال استنادًا إلى النجاحات السابقة. وأشاروا إلى أن تجارب الإتقان الفعّالة ترتبط بتصورات الناس لقدراتهم الخاصة بالإضافة إلى صعوبة المهمة وكمية الجهد الذي سيبذلونه لإكمالها (51).
الإبداع
اللغة. معظم الأشياء التي نقولها ونسمعها تُنتج؛ فهي ليست شيئًا يمكننا استرجاعه من الذاكرة. تُخزن اللغة في معرفة أصوات الكلام، وأنماط الكلمات، وقواعد البناء وترتيب الكلمات. بعد اكتساب هذه المهارات والمعرفة التلقائية، يصبح استخدام اللغة إبداعيًا تقريبًا وغير واعٍ تمامًا.
تحفيز التعلم
تم الاستثمار من أجل تحقيق هدف، ويجب الحفاظ على الأثر المطلوب. عُرّفت الدافعية على أنها مزيج من حاجة أو توقع، وفعل، وهدف، وأحيانًا عدة أنواع من التعزيز.
[14] ذكر أن الأفراد المتحفزين يبذلون جهدًا كبيرًا لتحقيق أهدافهم، ويتميزون بالإصرار في إكمال المهام المطلوبة لذلك، ولديهم رغبة قوية في تحقيق أهدافهم، ويستمتعون بالمهام المطلوبة، ويُقنعون بملاحقة أهدافهم، ويتوقعون ما إذا كانوا سينجحون أو يفشلون. عندما يحققون النجاح بطريقة ما، يظهر هؤلاء الأشخاص مستويات عالية من الكفاءة الذاتية والثقة في أنفسهم. سلوكياتهم مدعومة بأسباب، تعمل كتبريرات وتفسيرات [68].
[69] عددت بعض العوامل التي قد تؤثر على دافع الطلاب. من بين هذه العوامل الأساسية هو تحقيق درجات ممتازة؛ في الواقع، قد يرتفع دافع الطالب عندما يحقق أداءً جيدًا في الصف. بالنسبة للطلاب، فإن تحقيق أهداف المعلم يعد مصدرًا إضافيًا للدافع. كما أن تعليقات الأساتذة قد تؤثر أيضًا على دافع الطلاب. سيكون الطلاب أكثر دافعًا إذا قام أساتذتهم بمراجعة أعمالهم وتقديم ملاحظات واضحة حول نقاط قوتهم وضعفهم [69]. وأكدت أن مصدرًا آخر للدافع للطلاب هو المواد التي تتعلق بحياتهم اليومية. نظرًا لأهمية الدافع القوي، نحتاج إلى إنشاء بيئة تعليمية فعالة تشجع الطلاب على تعلم اللغات.
برج التجارة العالمي
[71] قال أيضًا إن مصطلح “WTC” يصف استعداد المتعلم المعرفي لاستخدام اللغة المستهدفة في اتصالاته. حيث إن النية في التواصل يمكن أن تؤدي إلى سلوكيات تواصل حقيقية، مما يزيد من كفاءة اللغة الأجنبية، [72] اعتبر WTC الهدف الرئيسي من اكتساب اللغة. وفقًا لـ [24]، فإن WTC هو بناء متعدد الأبعاد قد يفسر ويتنبأ ويصف سلوك المتعلمين في اللغة الثانية. ويشمل الخصائص العاطفية والاجتماعية النفسية واللغوية والتواصلية. تم فحص WTC لدى متعلمي اللغة الأجنبية من أبعاد تشبه الصفات، وديناميكية، وسياقية، بما يتماشى مع نموذج [70] [73].
الدراسات التجريبية
التباين لفحص البيانات. وفقًا لبيانات ANCOVA، فإن استخدام SLS له تأثير كبير على ERC. ومع ذلك، لم تبدو جميع أنواع الهوية الثلاثة أنها لها تأثير وساطة في هذا الإعداد الدراسي، وفقًا لنتائج اختبار ANOVA.
[81] درست كيف أثر ردود الفعل المعتمدة على SRL من المعلم على أداء الكتابة وتقنيات التنظيم الذاتي لطلاب EFL. شارك سبعون طالبًا من التعليم العالي من فصلين متزامنين في دراسة الكتابة باللغة الإنجليزية، والتي أجراها الباحثون. لقياس تقدمهم في مهارات الكتابة باللغة الإنجليزية واستخدامهم لتقنيات الكتابة لـ SRL، أكمل الطلاب اختبارًا مسبقًا، واختبارًا لاحقًا فوريًا، واختبارًا لاحقًا مؤجلًا باستخدام استبيان. أظهرت النتائج أن كل من أداء الكتابة والاستخدام المبلغ عنه لأساليب الكتابة SRL من قبل كتّاب EFL تأثرت بشكل إيجابي بتدخل ردود الفعل المعتمدة على SRL. كما أظهرت مجموعة العلاج تحسنًا في المراقبة الموجهة نحو الهدف، ومراجعة المعرفة، والتعامل مع التعليقات، وتطوير الاهتمام عندما يتعلق الأمر باستراتيجيات الكتابة SRL. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، عزز التدخل استخدام استراتيجيات SRL لمعالجة النصوص، والتحدث الذاتي التحفيزي، وتخطيط الأفكار، والتحكم العاطفي.
[82] استكشفت كيف أثرت تقنيات تعليم التنظيم الذاتي على فهم القراءة للمتعلمين الإيرانيين من EFL في اللغة الثانية وكيف حسنت قدرتهم على التعلم بمفردهم. في هذه الدراسة، تم تعليم تقنيات التنظيم الذاتي للمجموعة التجريبية
[83] درست كيف شعر الطلاب الصينيون الذين لم يتخصصوا في اللغة الإنجليزية بقدرتهم على الكتابة باللغة الإنجليزية بعد استخدام منهجيات SRL. للقيام بذلك، تم استخدام نهج كمي، والذي تضمن استخدام استطلاعين لتقييم فعالية الكتابة الذاتية واستخدام تقنيات SRL قبل الاستمرار في دراسة الرابط باستخدام التحليل الارتباطي. تشير النتائج إلى أن الطلاب الذين لا يتخصصون في اللغة الإنجليزية لديهم موقف جيد نسبيًا تجاه استخدام مهارات الكتابة SRL ومستوى معقول من الثقة في قدرتهم على الكتابة. من المرجح أن يتم تحقيق مستويات أعلى من فعالية الكتابة الذاتية من قبل أولئك الذين لديهم آراء إيجابية تجاه تطبيق استراتيجيات الكتابة SRL.
[84] حاولت إثبات تأثير SRSs على استقلالية طلاب المدارس الثانوية الذين يدرسون المفردات في الصف الثاني. للقيام بذلك، شارك 40 من أصل 46 طالبًا من الفصلين المتكاملين الذين تم اختيارهم عبر العينة العنقودية وتم تصنيفهم على أنهم في المستوى ما قبل المتوسط. ثم تم تقسيمهم إلى مجموعتين من 20 طالبًا لكل منهما – المجموعة التجريبية والمجموعة الضابطة بشكل عشوائي. لمدة 10 جلسات، كان على أعضاء المجموعة التجريبية استخدام تقنيات SRL؛ في المقابل، استمرت المجموعة الضابطة في التعليم كالمعتاد ولم تتلق أي اهتمام خاص. أظهرت النتائج أنه كان هناك فرق معنوي في استقلالية التعلم بين الأفراد في المجموعتين.
RQ2. هل يؤدي دمج SRSs إلى تأثيرات إيجابية على WTC لمتعلمي EFL الصينيين؟
RQ3. هل يؤدي دمج SRSs إلى تأثيرات إيجابية على فعالية اللغة الذاتية لمتعلمي EFL الصينيين؟
RQ4. هل يؤدي دمج SRSs إلى تأثيرات إيجابية على إبداع اللغة لمتعلمي EFL الصينيين؟
RQ2. إن دمج أنظمة الاستجابة السريعة لا يولد تأثيرات إيجابية على رغبة المتعلمين الصينيين في تعلم اللغة الإنجليزية في التحدث.
RQ3. إن دمج أنظمة الاستجابة الذكية لا يولد تأثيرات إيجابية على كفاءة اللغة الذاتية لدى متعلمي اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية في الصين.
RQ4. لا تؤدي دمج أنظمة الاستجابة السريعة إلى تأثيرات إيجابية على إبداع اللغة لدى متعلمي اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية في الصين.
طريقة
تصميم البحث
كانت الدوافع، والكفاءة الذاتية، ورغبة التواصل، والإبداع متغيرات تابعة في هذه الدراسة.
المشاركون
الأدوات
نظرًا لتكرارها وعدم ارتباطها بأهداف التحقيق الحالي، تم حذف بعض عناصر الاستبيان الأصلي. وفقًا لـ [87]، تم تقييم موثوقية الاستبيان الأصلي باستخدام ألفا كرونباخ، والتي كانت 0.78. بناءً على البيانات التي تم الحصول عليها، تم حساب موثوقية الاستبيان المحدث المستخدم في التحقيق الحالي باستخدام ألفا كرونباخ.
الإجراءات والتحليل
المتغيرات
مجموعات | ن | وسائل | الانحرافات المعيارية | خطأ معياري للمتوسطات | |
برج التجارة العالمي | سي جي | 40 | ٣٢.٧٠ | ٤.٥٤ | 0.71 |
مصر | 40 | 31.77 | ٥.٧٤ | 0.90 | |
تحفيز | سي جي | 40 | ٤٥.١٠ | 7.19 | 1.13 |
مصر | 40 | 44.57 | ٧.٠٠ | 1.10 | |
الإبداع | سي جي | 40 | 44.12 | 7.16 | 1.13 |
مصر | 40 | ٤٣.١٠ | 6.38 | 1.00 | |
الكفاءة الذاتية | سي جي | 40 | 63.15 | ١٣.٩٩ | ٢.٢١ |
مصر | 40 | ٦٥.٠٧ | 14.78 | 2.33 |
النتائج
مجموعات | وسائل | الانحرافات المعيارية | ن |
سي جي | 69.27 | 21.29 | 40 |
مصر | ٧٧.٩٠ | ٢٣.٩٥ | 40 |
إجمالي | 73.58 | ٢٢.٩٣ | ٨٠ |
مصدر | مجموع المربعات من النوع الثالث | Df | المتوسط التربيعي | ف | توقيع |
النموذج المصحح | ١٣٥٦٢.٣٤ | 2 | 6781.17 | 18.65 | 0.00 |
اعتراض | 1236.34 | 1 | 1236.34 | ٣.٤٠ | 0.03 |
اختبار مسبق | ١٢٠٧٤.٥٣ | 1 | ١٢٠٧٤.٥٣ | ٣٣.٢١ | 0.00 |
مجموعات | ٢١٠٧.٦٣ | 1 | ٢١٠٧.٦٣ | ٥.٧٩ | 0.01 |
خطأ | 27991.04 | 77 | ٣٦٣.٥٢ | ||
إجمالي | ٤٧٤٧٦٣٫٠٠ | ٨٠ | |||
الإجمالي المصحح | 41553.38 | 79 |
مجموعات | وسائل | الانحرافات المعيارية | ن |
سي جي | ٥٥.٠٠ | ٨.٥٠ | 40 |
مصر | ٧١.٧٠ | 12.91 | 40 |
إجمالي | 58.35 | 17.27 | ٨٠ |
تشير الجدول 4 إلى وجود فرق كبير بين نتائج اختبار الكفاءة الذاتية للمجموعتين، حيث كانت القيمة الدالة 0.00، أقل من 0.05. في الواقع، كانت نتائج اختبار الكفاءة الذاتية لمجموعة التجربة أفضل من مجموعة الضبط. يمكننا أن نستنتج أن الطلاب الذين استخدموا أنظمة الاستجابة السريعة أدوا بشكل أفضل من الطلاب الذين لم يستخدموا أنظمة الاستجابة السريعة.
تظهر البيانات الوصفية للمجموعتين في اختبار الإبداع بعد الاختبار في الجدول 5. تمتلك مجموعة التجربة (EG) ومجموعة التحكم (CG) متوسطات تبلغ 71.70 و 55.00 على التوالي. في الإبداع
ف | توقيع | ت | Df | الدلالة (ذو طرفين) | اختلافات الوسائل | اختلافات الخطأ المعياري | |
برج التجارة العالمي | 2.02 | 0.15 | 0.79 | 78 | 0.42 | 0.92 | 1.15 |
0.79 | ٧٤.٠٧ | 0.42 | 0.92 | 1.15 | |||
تحفيز | 0.17 | 0.67 | 0.33 | 78 | 0.74 | 0.52 | 1.58 |
0.33 | ٧٧.٩٤ | 0.74 | 0.52 | 1.58 | |||
الإبداع | 0.78 | 0.37 | 0.67 | 0.50 | 1.02 | 1.51 | |
0.67 | ٧٦.٩٨ | 0.50 | 1.02 | 1.51 | |||
الكفاءة الذاتية | 1.00 | 0.32 | -0.59 | 0.55 | -1.92 | ٣.٢١ | |
-0.59 | ٧٧.٧٦ | 0.55 | -1.92 | ٣.٢١ |
المناقشة والاستنتاج
مصدر | مجموع المربعات من النوع الثالث | df | المتوسط التربيعي | ف | توقيع |
النموذج المصحح | ١٤٧٣٤.٢٦ | 2 | 7367.13 | 64.11 | 0.00 |
اعتراض | ٣٣٢٢.٠٥ | 1 | ٣٣٢٢.٠٥ | ٢٨.٩١ | 0.00 |
اختبار قبلي | ٤٧٦.٤٦ | 1 | ٤٧٦.٤٦ | ٤.١٤ | 0.04 |
مجموعات | 13780.96 | 1 | 13780.96 | ١١٩.٩٣ | 0.00 |
خطأ | ٨٨٤٧.٩٣ | 77 | ١١٤.٩٠ | ||
إجمالي | 295960.00 | ٨٠ | |||
الإجمالي المصحح | ٢٣٥٨٢.٢٠ | 79 |
اختبارات ما بعد
مجموعات | معنى | الانحراف المعياري | ن |
سي جي | ٣٤.٤٥ | 6.05 | 40 |
مصر | ٤٠.٧٢ | 7.57 | 40 |
إجمالي | ٣٧.٥٨ | ٧.٥٠ | ٨٠ |
اختبارات ما بعد
مصدر | مجموع المربعات من النوع الثالث | df | المتوسط التربيعي | ف | توقيع |
النموذج المصحح | 1008.67 | 2 | 504.33 | 11.26 | 0.00 |
اعتراض | ١٤٤٥.٨٣ | 1 | ١٤٤٥.٨٣ | ٣٢.٣٠ | 0.00 |
قبل | ٢٢١.١٦ | 1 | ٢٢١.١٦ | ٤.٩٤ | 0.02 |
مجموعات | ٧٠٨.١٠ | 1 | ٧٠٨.١٠ | 15.81 | 0.00 |
خطأ | ٣٤٤٦.٧١ | 77 | 44.76 | ||
إجمالي | 117481.00 | ٨٠ | |||
الإجمالي المصحح | ٤٤٥٥.٣٨ | 79 |
اختبارات ما بعد
مجموعات | وسائل | الانحرافات المعيارية | ن |
سي جي | ٥٥.٧٢ | 7.83 | 40 |
مصر | ٧٤.٥٠ | 15.70 | 40 |
إجمالي | 60.11 | 19.01 | ٨٠ |
مصدر | مجموع المربعات من النوع الثالث | df | المتوسط التربيعي | ف | توقيع |
النموذج المصحح | 18082.42 | 2 | 9041.21 | 66.34 | 0.00 |
اعتراض | 1986.04 | 1 | 1986.04 | 14.57 | 0.00 |
اختبارات مسبقة | ١٥٢٢.٤٠ | 1 | ١٥٢٢.٤٠ | 11.17 | 0.00 |
مجموعات | ١٦١٦٣.٧٦ | 1 | ١٦١٦٣.٧٦ | ١١٨.٦٠ | 0.00 |
خطأ | ١٠٤٩٣.٥٦ | 77 | ١٣٦.٢٨ | ||
إجمالي | 317657.00 | ٨٠ | |||
الإجمالي المصحح | ٢٨٥٧٥.٩٨٨ | 79 |
وإبداعهم من خلال إشراكهم في عملية التعلم من خلال استراتيجياتهم التعليمية وأنشطة الفصل.
معلومات إضافية
شكر وتقدير
مساهمات المؤلف
التمويل
توفر البيانات
الإعلانات
موافقة الأخلاقيات والموافقة على المشاركة
الموافقة على النشر
المصالح المتنافسة
تم الاستلام: 26 ديسمبر 2023 / تم القبول: 1 فبراير 2024
تم النشر على الإنترنت: 15 فبراير 2024
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ملاحظة الناشر
- *المراسلة:
تينغتينغ زانغ
tingtingzhang1010@outlook.com; zhangtingting1222@outlook.com
¹قسم التعليم والبحث في اللغة الإنجليزية، كلية زو جيانغ، جنوب الصين
الجامعة الزراعية، 510000 قوانغتشو، قوانغدونغ، الصين
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01567-2
PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38360709
Publication Date: 2024-02-15
Effects of self-regulation strategies on EFL learners’ language learning motivation, willingness to communication, self-efficacy, and creativity
Abstract
This study tried to know how self-regulation strategies (SRS) affected the motivation, self-efficacy, willingness to communicate (WTC), and creativity of Chinese EFL learners as they learned English language. To do this, eighty intermediate EFL students were selected and divided into two groups: experimental and control. Four questionnaires were then used to assess the participants’ motivation for language acquisition, WTC, self-efficacy, and creativity prior to the intervention. Subsequently, SRS was used to treat the experimental group (EG), whereas a traditional instruction was given to the control group (CG) without the use of SRSs. Four questionnaires were given again as post-tests following a 15-session treatment to gauge how the treatment affected the students’ motivation for language acquisition, WTC, self-efficacy, and creativity. Based on the study’s results, the EG considerably outstripped the CG on each of the four post-tests. The findings of this research have some implications for researchers, English teachers, EFL learners, and other stakeholders.
Introduction
The methods and outcomes of teaching and learning a language depend heavily on self-regulation [3]. Self-regulated learning (SRL) has several definitions. Language learners employ self-regulation techniques to modify their cognitive processes. It also refers to the managerial techniques they employ to regulate their educational journey. The three most important self-regulatory techniques are resource management, cognitive, and metacognitive techniques, according to [4]. The learning, memory, and comprehension processes employed by language learners are referred to as cognitive strategies. Put differently, language learners engage in processes that
get new material ready for long-term memory storage and linkage and combination with existing knowledge. According to [5] metacognitive methods oversee, direct, and regulate cognitive strategies.
on the other hand, lack motivation to study, have unfavorable views toward the topic, and/or put up minimal effort to achieve their objectives [15]. All of these com-ponents-effort, desire, purpose, and attitude-are necessary to maintain motivation, and the loss of any one of them would suggest a lack of motivation. For instance, if a student wants to use language fluently but doesn’t put in the necessary effort, this objective won’t be accomplished and the student can be viewed as lacking motivation [17].
classroom activities [25]. It has been suggested that a crucial factor in successful L2 communication is the inclination to engage and participate in classroom activities and conversations. This tendency, known as WTC, is defined as being prepared to engage in discourse with a certain person or people using an L2 at a given moment. According to [26], WTC is the yearning to begin a conversation when given the option in the setting of a L2.
Literature review
Theoretical background Self-regulation strategy
autonomy suggests that self-regulation is a skill that can be enhanced.
Self-efficacy
[46] found that people who have greater levels of selfefficacy also tend to be more intrinsically motivated, set challenging goals for themselves, and maintain a strong commitment to their pursuits [47]. identified verbal persuasion, vicarious experiences, enactive mastery experiences, and an individual’s physiological and affective condition as the four main sources of self-efficacy beliefs. According to [48], the primary factor contributing to selfefficacy is active mastery experiences. Enactive mastery
experiences, according to their explanation, are associated with an individual’s awareness of his or her own capacity to effectively do a particular activity based on prior successes. They stated that enactive mastery experiences are associated with people’s perceptions of their own abilities as well as the difficulty of the job and the amount of effort they would put in to complete it (51).
Creativity
language. Most of the things we say and hear are generated; they are not something we can recall by recollection. Language is stored in knowledge of speech sounds, word patterns, and building and word-stringing rules. Following the acquisition of these spontaneous skills and knowledge, language use gets almost completely creative and subconscious [58].
Learning motivation
invested in order to reach a goal, and the required impact must be maintained [67]. defined motivation as the combination of a need or expectation, an action, a goal, and occasionally several kinds of reinforcement.
[14] stated that motivated individuals put in a lot of effort to reach their goals, are tenacious in completing the tasks required to do so, have a strong desire to achieve their goals, enjoy the tasks required to do so, are persuaded to pursue their goals, and predict whether they will succeed or fail. When they are successful in some way, these people show high levels of self-efficacy and confidence in themselves. Their behaviors are supported by reasons, which serve as justifications and explanations [68].
[69] enumerated a few factors that may impact students’ motivation. Among these essentials is achieving excellent marks; in fact, a student’s motivation may rise when they perform well in class. For students, achieving teacher objectives serves as an additional source of motivation. The professors’ feedback may also have an effect on the pupils’ motivation. Students will be more motivated if their professors go over their work and provide clear remarks about both their strong and weak points [69]. asserted that another source of motivation for pupils is material that is very relevant to their everyday lives. Considering the importance of strong motivation, we need to create an efficient learning environment that encourages students to learn languages.
WTC
[71] further said that the term “WTC” describes a learner’s cognitive preparation for using the target language in his communications. As the intention to communicate can lead to genuine communication behaviors, which increases foreign language competence, [72] viewed WTC as the primary goal of language acquisition. According to [24], WTC is a multifaceted construct that may explain, predict, and describe language learners’ communicative behavior in a L2. It includes emotional, social-psychological, linguistic, and communicative characteristics. The WTC of foreign language learners has been examined from trait-like, dynamic, and situational dimensions, in line with [70] model [73].
Experimental studies
covariance were used to examine the data. The usage of SLS has a substantial impact on ERC, according to the ANCOVA data. All three identification types did not, however, appear to have a mediating effect in this study setting, according to the findings of the ANOVA test.
[81] study looked at how SRL-based instructor feedback affected the writing performance and self-regulated techniques of EFL students. Seventy tertiary students from two concurrent intact English writing classes participated in the study, which was performed by the researchers. To gauge their progress in English writing abilities and their use of writing techniques for SRL, students completed a pre-test, an immediate post-test, and a delayed post-test using a questionnaire. The findings showed that both the writing performance and the reported usage of SRL writing methods by EFL student writers were positively impacted by the SRL-based feedback intervention. The treatment group also demonstrated improvement in goal-oriented monitoring, knowledge rehearsal, feedback handling, and interest development when it came to SRL writing strategies. Additionally, the intervention fostered the use of SRL strategies for text processing, motivational self-talk, idea planning, and emotional control.
[82] explored how teaching self-regulation techniques affected Iranian EFL learners’ L2 reading comprehension and how it improved their ability to learn on their own. In this study, self-regulation techniques were taught to the EG
[83] studied how Chinese students who weren’t majoring in English felt about their ability to write in English after using SRL methodologies. In order to do this, a quantitative approach was employed, which involved using two surveys to assess writing self-efficacy and the use of SRL methods before continuing to examine the link using correlational analysis. The findings indicate that students who do not major in English have a comparatively good attitude regarding using SRL writing skills and a reasonable level of confidence in their ability to write. Higher levels of writing self-efficacy are more likely to be attained by those who have favorable opinions toward the application of SRL writing tactics.
[84] attempted to demonstrate the impact of SRSs on the autonomy of high school students studying vocabulary in the second grade. In order to do this, 40 of the 46 students from the two intact classes who were chosen via cluster sampling and classified as pre-intermediate ones took part in the study. Then, they were divided into two groups of 20 students each-the EG and the CG at random. For 10 sessions, members of the EG were required to use SRL techniques; in contrast, the CG continued with instruction as usual and received no special attention. The outcomes showed that there was a meaningful difference in learning autonomy between the individuals in the two groups.
RQ2. Does integration of SRSs generate positive impacts on Chinese EFL learners’ WTC?
RQ3. Does integration of SRSs generate positive impacts on Chinese EFL learners’ language self-efficacy?
RQ4. Does integration of SRSs generate positive impacts on Chinese EFL learners’ language creativity?
RQ2. The integration of SRSs does not generate positive impacts on Chinese EFL learners’ WTC.
RQ3. The integration of SRSs does not generate positive impacts on Chinese EFL learners’ language self-efficacy.
RQ4. The integration of SRSs does not generate positive impacts on Chinese EFL learners’ language creativity.
Method
Research design
motivation, self-efficacy, WTC, and creativity were dependent variables in this study.
Participants
Instruments
language. Due to their duplication and lack of relevance to the goals of the current investigation, some of the original questionnaire’s items were eliminated. According to [87], the original questionnaire’s reliability was assessed utilizing Cronbach’s alpha, which came out to be. 78 . Based on the data obtained, the reliability of the updated questionnaire employed in the current investigation was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha (
Procedures and analysis
variables
Groups | N | Means | Std. Deviations | Std. Error Means | |
WTC | CG | 40 | 32.70 | 4.54 | 0.71 |
EG | 40 | 31.77 | 5.74 | 0.90 | |
Motivation | CG | 40 | 45.10 | 7.19 | 1.13 |
EG | 40 | 44.57 | 7.00 | 1.10 | |
Creativity | CG | 40 | 44.12 | 7.16 | 1.13 |
EG | 40 | 43.10 | 6.38 | 1.00 | |
Selfefficacy | CG | 40 | 63.15 | 13.99 | 2.21 |
EG | 40 | 65.07 | 14.78 | 2.33 |
Findings
Groups | Means | Std. Deviations | N |
CG | 69.27 | 21.29 | 40 |
EG | 77.90 | 23.95 | 40 |
Total | 73.58 | 22.93 | 80 |
Source | Type III Sum of Squares | Df | Mean Square | F | Sig. |
Corrected Model | 13562.34 | 2 | 6781.17 | 18.65 | 0.00 |
Intercept | 1236.34 | 1 | 1236.34 | 3.40 | 0.03 |
Pretest | 12074.53 | 1 | 12074.53 | 33.21 | 0.00 |
Groups | 2107.63 | 1 | 2107.63 | 5.79 | 0.01 |
Error | 27991.04 | 77 | 363.52 | ||
Total | 474763.00 | 80 | |||
Corrected Total | 41553.38 | 79 |
Groups | Means | Std. Deviations | N |
CG | 55.00 | 8.50 | 40 |
EG | 71.70 | 12.91 | 40 |
Total | 58.35 | 17.27 | 80 |
Table 4 indicates that there was a substantial difference between the two groups’ self-efficacy posttest outcomes, with Sig being. 00 , less than 0.05 . In actuality, on the selfefficacy posttest, the EG fared better than the CG. We can conclude that the students who had utilized SRSs performed better than the students who had not applied SRSs.
The descriptive data of the two groups on the creativity post-test are shown in Table 5. The EG and CG have respective means of 71.70 and 55.00 . On the creative
F | Sig. | t | Df | Sig. (2-tailed) | Means Differences | Std. Error Differences | |
WTC | 2.02 | 0.15 | 0.79 | 78 | 0.42 | 0.92 | 1.15 |
0.79 | 74.07 | 0.42 | 0.92 | 1.15 | |||
Motivation | 0.17 | 0.67 | 0.33 | 78 | 0.74 | 0.52 | 1.58 |
0.33 | 77.94 | 0.74 | 0.52 | 1.58 | |||
Creativity | 0.78 | 0.37 | 0.67 | 0.50 | 1.02 | 1.51 | |
0.67 | 76.98 | 0.50 | 1.02 | 1.51 | |||
Self-efficacy | 1.00 | 0.32 | -0.59 | 0.55 | -1.92 | 3.21 | |
-0.59 | 77.76 | 0.55 | -1.92 | 3.21 |
Discussion and conclusion
Source | Type III Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. |
Corrected Model | 14734.26 | 2 | 7367.13 | 64.11 | 0.00 |
Intercept | 3322.05 | 1 | 3322.05 | 28.91 | 0.00 |
Pretest | 476.46 | 1 | 476.46 | 4.14 | 0.04 |
Groups | 13780.96 | 1 | 13780.96 | 119.93 | 0.00 |
Error | 8847.93 | 77 | 114.90 | ||
Total | 295960.00 | 80 | |||
Corrected Total | 23582.20 | 79 |
posttests
Groups | Mean | Std. Deviation | N |
CG | 34.45 | 6.05 | 40 |
EG | 40.72 | 7.57 | 40 |
Total | 37.58 | 7.50 | 80 |
posttests
Source | Type III Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. |
Corrected Model | 1008.67 | 2 | 504.33 | 11.26 | 0.00 |
Intercept | 1445.83 | 1 | 1445.83 | 32.30 | 0.00 |
Pre | 221.16 | 1 | 221.16 | 4.94 | 0.02 |
Groups | 708.10 | 1 | 708.10 | 15.81 | 0.00 |
Error | 3446.71 | 77 | 44.76 | ||
Total | 117481.00 | 80 | |||
Corrected Total | 4455.38 | 79 |
posttests
Groups | Means | Std. Deviations | N |
CG | 55.72 | 7.83 | 40 |
EG | 74.50 | 15.70 | 40 |
Total | 60.11 | 19.01 | 80 |
Source | Type III Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. |
Corrected Model | 18082.42 | 2 | 9041.21 | 66.34 | 0.00 |
Intercept | 1986.04 | 1 | 1986.04 | 14.57 | 0.00 |
Pretests | 1522.40 | 1 | 1522.40 | 11.17 | 0.00 |
Groups | 16163.76 | 1 | 16163.76 | 118.60 | 0.00 |
Error | 10493.56 | 77 | 136.28 | ||
Total | 317657.00 | 80 | |||
Corrected Total | 28575.988 | 79 |
and creativity by including them in the learning process through their instructional strategies and classroom activities.
Supplementary Information
Acknowledgements
Author contributions
Funding
Data availability
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Consent for publication
Competing interests
Received: 26 December 2023 / Accepted: 1 February 2024
Published online: 15 February 2024
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Publisher’s Note
- *Correspondence:
Tingting Zhang
tingtingzhang1010@outlook.com; zhangtingting1222@outlook.com
¹Teaching and Research Section of English, Zhujiang College, South China
Agricultural University, 510000 Guang Zhou, Guang Dong, China