DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-025-00198-x
تاريخ النشر: 2025-03-02
مراجعة
أثر تلوث المياه على الأمراض المنقولة بالمياه: التركيز على التلوث الميكروبي والمخاطر الصحية المرتبطة بالبشر
نُشر على الإنترنت: 02 مارس 2025
© المؤلفون 2025 مفتوح
الملخص
يعد تلوث المياه قضية عالمية رئيسية بسبب دخول النفايات الخطرة من الأنشطة الصناعية والزراعية والحضرية. تساهم عدة عناصر بيئية، بما في ذلك هطول الأمطار والمناخ وجودة التربة، في هذه المشكلة، التي لها عواقب وخيمة على صحة الإنسان. المياه الملوثة هي سبب رئيسي للأمراض المنقولة بالمياه، خاصة في الدول النامية حيث تفاقم سوء الصرف الصحي وإدارة المياه المشكلة. يعاني الملايين من الناس كل عام من التهابات الجهاز الهضمي وغيرها من الاضطرابات الناجمة عن الملوثات الميكروبية مثل البكتيريا (الإشريكية القولونية، Vibrio cholerae، Salmonella spp.)، الفيروسات، والطفيلات (Giardia lamblia، Cryptosporidium parvum). على الرغم من التقدم في معالجة المياه والصرف الصحي في الدول المتقدمة، تستمر تفشي الأمراض في الأماكن ذات الموارد القليلة. يعد التلوث الصناعي، والجريان الزراعي، والصرف الصحي غير المعالج من المصادر الشائعة للميكروبات المسببة للأمراض، التي تضر كل من المياه السطحية والجوفية. تستكشف هذه المراجعة أسباب تلوث المياه، وأنواع الملوثات المختلفة (الملوثات القابلة للتحلل، غير القابلة للتحلل، والملوثات العضوية المستمرة)، وتأثيراتها على صحة الإنسان. تؤكد على وجود مسببات الأمراض البكتيرية مثل Legionella spp.، Pseudomonas aeruginosa، وCampylobacter jejuni، بالإضافة إلى العوامل الطفيلية والفيروسية التي تسبب أمراضًا خطيرة. يبرز التقييم أهمية تحسين إدارة المياه، وتنظيمات التلوث الأكثر صرامة، وتطوير تقنيات معالجة مبتكرة للحد من الأمراض المنقولة بالمياه. معالجة هذه القضايا أمر حاسم لحماية الصحة العامة، خاصة في المناطق المعرضة لندرة المياه والتلوث الميكروبي.
1 المقدمة
1.1 تلوث المياه
1.2 العوامل المؤثرة على تلوث المياه
1.2.1 الملوثات
1.2.2 الملوثات العضوية المستمرة (POP)


1.2.3 تلوث المصدر النقطي وغير النقطي
1.2.4 تلوث المياه الجوفية
1.2.5 الملوثات الزراعية، الجوية والكيميائية
1.2.6 الملوثات الجوية
1.2.7 الملوثات الكيميائية
قد تكون المواد الخطرة موجودة في شكل صلب أو سائل أو غازي وهي شديدة التفاعل وسامة. يجب معالجة الملوثات التي يتم إطلاقها من المصانع والصناعات من خلال أنظمة معالجة نفايات منفصلة [19].
1.2.8 المبيدات الحشرية ومبيدات الأعشاب
1.2.9 تلوث الرواسب
1.2.10 آثار التلوث الميكروبي على صحة الإنسان
1.2.11 البكتيريا الممرضة المنقولة بالماء
1.3 البكتيريا المسببة للأمراض المعوية
1.3.1 أنواع كامبيلوباكتر
1.3.2 الإشريكية القولونية
| مُمْرِض | مرض مصاحب | الأهمية الصحية | انتشار في مياه الشرب |
| بكتيريا | |||
| كامبيلوباكتر جيجوني (كامبيلوباكتر spp.) | إسهال، التهاب المعدة والأمعاء | عالي | معتدل |
| إشريشيا كولاي (معظمها إيشريشيا كولاي النزفية المعوية وغيرها تشمل إيشريشيا كولاي الممرضة المعوية) | إسهال حاد، إسهال دموي والتهاب المعدة والأمعاء | عالي | معتدل |
| ليجيونيلا رئوية وبكتيريا ذات صلة | مرض تنفسي حاد، التهاب رئوي (ليجيونيلا) | عالي | قد يتضاعف |
| المتفطرات غير السلية | مرض الرئة وعدوى الجلد | منخفض | قد يتضاعف |
| ب. الزائفة | العدوى في الرئتين، والمسالك البولية، والكلى تسبب التهابًا وتسممًا دمويًا | معتدل | قد يتضاعف |
| سالمونيلا إنتيريكا النمط التيفي | حمى التيفوئيد، حمى البارتييفوئيد وأخرى من السالمونيلا الخطيرة | عالي | معتدل |
| سالمونيلا أخرى | التهاب المعدة والأمعاء، التهاب المفاصل التفاعلي | عالي | معتدل |
| شيغيلة spp. | الدوسنتاريا البكتيرية أو الشيغيلوز | عالي | قصير |
| فيبريو كوليرا | التهاب المعدة والأمعاء، الكوليرا | عالي | قصير إلى طويل |
| هيليكوباكتر بيلوري | التهاب المعدة المزمن، مرض القرحة وسرطان المعدة | منخفض | معتدل |
| فيروسات | |||
| فيروس الأدينو | التهاب المعدة والأمعاء | عالي | طويل |
| فيروسات المعوية | التهاب المعدة والأمعاء | عالي | طويل |
| فيروس التهاب الكبد A | التهاب الكبد | عالي | طويل |
| فيروس التهاب الكبد E | التهاب الكبد المعدي؛ الإجهاض والموت | عالي | طويل |
| روتا فيروس | التهاب المعدة والأمعاء | عالي | طويل |
| فيروسات أسترو | إسهال | عالي | طويل |
| نوروفيروس | التهاب المعدة والأمعاء | عالي | طويل |
| أوليات | |||
| كريبتوسبوريديوم بارفوم | الكريبتوسبوريدiosis، الإسهال | عالي | طويل |
| كريبتوسبوريديوم كايتاننسيس | إسهال | عالي | طويل |
| جيارديا إنتستيناليس | إسهال | عالي | معتدل |

1.3.3 فيبريو كوليرا
1.4 البكتيريا الممرضة المائية
1.4.1 الزائفة الزنجارية

1.4.2 أيروموناس
1.4.3 ليجيونيلا
1.5 الميكوبكتيريا غير السلية
1.5.1 هيليكوباكتر بيلوري
1.5.2 الطفيليات المسببة للأمراض

1.5.3 سيكلوسبورا، إيزوسبورا، ميكروسبراديا
1.5.4 مسببات الأمراض الفيروسية
1.5.5 التهاب المعدة والأمعاء الفيروسي

2 الأهداف والغايات
فهم الأبحاث الحالية والمعرفة حول تلوث المياه والمخاطر الصحية الميكروبية.
استكشاف العوامل الميكروبية الرئيسية المعنية في الأمراض المنقولة بالمياه ومسار انتقالها وتأثيرها على صحة الإنسان.
2.1 جدوى الدراسة
- إجراء دراسة مراجعة على الأدبيات المتاحة حول تلوث المياه وانتشار العدوى المنقولة بالمياه.
- تعتبر هذه المقالة الاستعراضية أيضًا مفيدة جدًا فيما يتعلق بدراسة آثار عوامل مضادة للبكتيريا مختلفة غير المضادات الحيوية للوقاية من العدوى المنقولة بالمياه، والتي ستكون نتائج جديدة في مجال العلوم البيئية والزراعية.
- معالجة هذه القضايا أمر بالغ الأهمية لحماية الصحة العامة، خاصة في المناطق المعرضة لندرة المياه والتلوث الميكروبي.
3 المنهجية

3.1 النتائج المتوقعة
4 المناقشة
5 الخاتمة
توفر البيانات لم يتم إنشاء أو تحليل أي مجموعات بيانات خلال الدراسة الحالية.
الإعلانات
الموافقة على النشر منح جميع المؤلفين الإذن للنشر في هذه المجلة.
المصالح المتنافسة يعلن المؤلفون عدم وجود مصالح متنافسة.
الوصول المفتوح هذه المقالة مرخصة بموجب رخصة المشاع الإبداعي للاستخدام غير التجاري، والتي تسمح بأي استخدام غير تجاري، ومشاركة، وتوزيع، وإعادة إنتاج في أي وسيلة أو شكل، طالما أنك تعطي الائتمان المناسب لـ
المؤلفين الأصليين والمصدر، وتوفر رابطًا لرخصة المشاع الإبداعي، وتوضح إذا قمت بتعديل المادة المرخصة. ليس لديك إذن بموجب هذه الرخصة لمشاركة المواد المعدلة المشتقة من هذه المقالة أو أجزاء منها. الصور أو المواد الأخرى من طرف ثالث في هذه المقالة مشمولة في رخصة المشاع الإبداعي للمقالة، ما لم يُشار إلى خلاف ذلك في سطر ائتمان للمادة. إذا لم تكن المادة مشمولة في رخصة المشاع الإبداعي للمقالة واستخدامك المقصود غير مسموح به بموجب اللوائح القانونية أو يتجاوز الاستخدام المسموح به، ستحتاج إلى الحصول على إذن مباشرة من صاحب حقوق الطبع والنشر. لعرض نسخة من هذه الرخصة، قم بزيارةhttp://creativeco mmons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
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- Melby K, Gondrosen B, Gregusson S, Ribe H, Dahl OP. Waterborne campylobacteriosis in northern Norway. Int J Food Microbiol. 1991;12:151-6.
- Millson M, Bokhout M, Carlson J, Spielberg L, Aldis R, Borczyk A, Lior H. An outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis linked to meltwater contamination of a municipal well. Can J Public Health. 1991;82:27-31.
- Mitiku AA. A review on water pollution: causes, effects and treatment methods. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2020;60(2):94-101.
- Yu VL, Stout JE. Hospital characteristics associated with colonization of water systems by Legionella and risk of nosocomial legionnaires’ disease: a cohort study of 15 hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21:434-5.
- Nazish Mazhar Ali, nazishmazhar@gcu.edu.pk; nazipak@hotmail.com | ¹Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
Qarshi University, Lahore, Pakistan.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-025-00198-x
Publication Date: 2025-03-02
Review
Impact of Water Pollution on Waterborne Infections: Emphasizing Microbial Contamination and Associated Health Hazards in Humans
Published online: 02 March 2025
© The Author(s) 2025 OPEN
Abstract
Water pollution is a major global issue due to the entrance of hazardous waste from industrial, agricultural, and urban activities. Several environmental elements, including precipitation, climate, and soil quality, contribute to this problem, which has serious ramifications for human health. Contaminated water is a major cause of waterborne infections, especially in underdeveloped nations where poor sanitation and water management worsen the problem. Every year, millions of people suffer from gastrointestinal infections and other disorders caused by microbial pollutants such bacteria (Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella spp.), viruses, and protozoa (Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum). Despite advances in water treatment and sanitation in developed countries, outbreaks continue in places with little resources. Industrial pollution, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage are common sources of pathogenic microorganisms, which harm both surface and groundwater. This review investigates the causes of water pollution, the many types of pollutants (biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and persistent organic pollutants), and the effects on human health. It emphasizes the presence of bacterial pathogens such as Legionella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Campylobacter jejuni, as well as protozoan and viral agents that cause serious illnesses. The assessment emphasizes the importance of better water management, stricter pollution regulations, and the development of innovative treatment technologies to reduce waterborne diseases. Addressing these concerns is critical for protecting public health, especially in areas prone to water scarcity and microbiological pollution.
1 Introduction
1.1 Water pollution
1.2 Factors affecting water pollution
1.2.1 Pollutants
1.2.2 Persistent organic pollutants (POP)


1.2.3 Point source and non-point source pollution
1.2.4 Ground water pollution
1.2.5 Agricultural, atmospheric and chemical pollutants
1.2.6 Atmospheric pollutants
1.2.7 Chemical pollutants
hazardous materials may be present in solid, liquid or gaseous form and are highly reactive and toxic. Pollutants that are released from factories and industries must be treated through separate waste plant systems [19].
1.2.8 Herbicides and pesticides
1.2.9 Sediment pollution
1.2.10 Microbial contamination effects on human health
1.2.11 Water borne pathogenic bacteria
1.3 Enteropathogenic bacteria
1.3.1 Campylobacteria spp.
1.3.2 E.coli
| Pathogen | Associated disease | Health significance | Prevalence in drinking water |
| Bacteria | |||
| Campylobacter jejuni (Campylbacter spp.) | Diarrhea, gastroenteritis | High | Moderate |
| Escherichia coli (mostly enterohemorragic E.coli and other include enteropathgenic E.coli) | Acute diarrhea, bloody diarrhea and gastroenteritis | High | Moderate |
| Legionella pneumophlia and related bacteria | Acute respiratory illness, pneumonia (legionellosis) | High | May multiply |
| Non-tuberculous mycobacteria | Pulmonary disease and skin infection | Low | May multiply |
| P. aeruginosa | Infection on lungs, urinary tract and kidney cause inflammation and sepsis | Moderate | May multiply |
| Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi | Typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever and other serious salmonellosis | High | Moderate |
| Other salmonellae | Gastroenteritis, reactive arthritis | High | Moderate |
| Shigella spp. | Bacillary dysentery or shigellosis | High | Short |
| Vibrio cholera | Gastroenteritis, cholera | High | Short to long |
| Helicobacter pylori | Chronic gastritis, ulcer disease and gastric cancer | Low | Moderate |
| Viruses | |||
| Adenovirus | Gastroenteritis | High | Long |
| Enteroviruses | Gastroenteritis | High | Long |
| Hepatitis A virus | Hepatitis | High | Long |
| Hepatitis E virus | Infectious hepatitis; miscarriage and death | High | Long |
| Rotavirus | Gastroenteritis | High | Long |
| Astroviruses | Diarrhea | High | Long |
| Norovirus | Gastroenteritis | High | Long |
| Protozoa | |||
| Cryptosporidium parvum | Cryptosporidiosis, diarrhea | High | Long |
| Cryptosporidium cayetanensis | Diarrhea | High | Long |
| Giardia intestinalis | Diarrhea | High | Moderate |

1.3.3 Vibrio cholera
1.4 Aquatic pathogenic bacteria
1.4.1 Pseudomonas aeroginosa

1.4.2 Aeromonas
1.4.3 Legionella
1.5 Non tuberculosis mycobacterium
1.5.1 Helicobacter pylori
1.5.2 Pathogenic protozoa

1.5.3 Cyclospora, isospora, microsprdia
1.5.4 Viral pathogens
1.5.5 Viral gastroentritus

2 Aims and objectives
Understanding of current research and knowledge about water pollution and microbial health risks.
Explore the primary microbial agents involved in water-borne diseases and their course of transmission and impact on human health.
2.1 Novelty of the study
- Conducting a review study on the literature available on water contamination and prevalence of water borne infections.
- This review article is also very useful in regard to study the effects of different antibacterial agents other than antibiotics for the prevention of water borne infections which will be new findings in the field of environment and agricultural sciences
- Addressing these concerns is critical for protecting public health, especially in areas prone to water scarcity and microbiological pollution.
3 Methodology

3.1 Expected results
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
Declarations
Consent for publication All authors gave permission for publication in this journal.
Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to
the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativeco mmons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
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- Nazish Mazhar Ali, nazishmazhar@gcu.edu.pk; nazipak@hotmail.com | ¹Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
Qarshi University, Lahore, Pakistan.
