DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56149-4
PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38448518
تاريخ النشر: 2024-03-06
العلاقة بين النشاط البدني، الكفاءة الذاتية، إدارة الضغط النفسي والصحة النفسية بين المراهقين
الملخص
هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى استكشاف التفاعل بين النشاط البدني، والكفاءة الذاتية، وإدارة الضغط النفسي، والصحة النفسية بين المراهقين. جمعت الدراسة بيانات من استبيان عبر الإنترنت تم إجراؤه بين 400 طالب في المدارس المتوسطة الصينية (متوسط العمر
وفقًا لمنظمة الصحة العالمية،
المواد والأساليب المشاركون والإجراءات

إجراءات
يتضمن ملف نمط الحياة لتعزيز الصحة ستة أبعاد تصف الأفعال المدفوعة ذاتياً والتصورات لسلوكيات تعزيز الصحة.
الكفاءة الذاتية
إدارة الضغط الذاتي
الصحة النفسية
التحليل الإحصائي
بيان لجنة المراجعة المؤسسية
بيان الموافقة المستنيرة
النتائج
تحليل انحياز الطريقة الشائعة
الإحصاءات الوصفية وتحليل الارتباط
اختبار التعدد الخطي
تحليلات الوساطة
M | SD |
|
|
|
|
|
النشاط البدني | ٢٠.٥٤ | ٢٠٫١٨٢ | 1 |
|
|
|
الكفاءة الذاتية | ٢٩.٤٦ | ٤.٨٥٩ | 1 |
|
|
|
إدارة الذات للضغط | 21.4 | ٤.٦١٦ | 1 |
|
||
الصحة النفسية | ٤٠.٥٩ | 8.763 | 1 |
متغير النتيجة | نموذج 1 الكفاءة الذاتية | نموذج 2 إدارة الضغط الذاتي | الصحة النفسية نموذج 3 | ||||||
|
SE | ت |
|
SE | ت |
|
SE | ت | |
النشاط البدني | 0.2797 | 0.0361 | 7.7433*** | 0.5535 | 0.035 |
|
-0.1785 | 0.0926 | -1.9265 |
الكفاءة الذاتية | 0.1545 | 0.0479 |
|
0.2858 | 0.0981 |
|
|||
إدارة الذات للضغط | 0.6188 | 0.108 |
|
||||||
R2 | 0.4275 | 0.7317 | 0.42434 | ||||||
ف | 15.7017 | 67.2043 | 10.9481 |
أثر | مسارات | مُقدَّر | بوت إس.إي | فترة الثقة 95% | |
أخفض | علوي | ||||
الأثر المباشر |
|
-0.1785 | 0.0962 | -0.3607 | 0.0037 |
أثر |
|
0.0799 | 0.0459 | 0.0041 | 0.1801 |
|
0.3425 | 0.0732 | 0.2044 | 0.4948 | |
|
0.0267 | 0.0126 | 0.0070 | 0.0560 | |
التأثير الكلي | 0.2707 | 0.0696 | 0.1338 | 0.4076 | |
التأثير غير المباشر الكلي | 0.4492 | 0.0752 | 0.3061 | 0.6065 |

نقاش
القيود والآثار
للمتغيرات قيد البحث. علاوة على ذلك، يترك تركيز الدراسة على الدور الوسيط للكفاءة الذاتية وإدارة الضغط الذاتي مجالًا لإدراج متغيرات معتدلة ذات صلة إضافية في الأبحاث المستقبلية. من خلال دمج هذه المتغيرات، يمكن تحقيق فهم أكثر شمولاً لكيفية تأثير النشاط البدني على الصحة النفسية، مما يسمح باستكشاف أكثر دقة للديناميات الأساسية.
توفر البيانات
تاريخ الاستلام: 6 سبتمبر 2023؛ تاريخ القبول: 1 مارس 2024
نُشر على الإنترنت: 06 مارس 2024
References
- Blakemore, S.-J. Adolescence and mental health. Lancet 393, 2030-2031 (2019).
- Casas, F. & González-Carrasco, M. Subjective well-being decreasing with age: New research on children over 8. Child Dev. 90, 375-394 (2019).
- Holmbeck, G. N., Friedman, D., Abad, M. & Jandasek, B. Development and psychopathology in adolescence. In Behavioral And Emotional Disorders In Adolescents: Nature, Assessment, And Treatment (eds Holmbeck, G. N. et al.) 21-55 (Guilford Publications, 2006).
- Petersen, K. J., Humphrey, N. & Qualter, P. Dual-factor mental health from childhood to early adolescence and associated factors: A latent transition analysis. J. Youth Adolesc. 51, 1118-1133 (2022).
- Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P. & Kasen, S. Minor depression during adolescence and mental health outcomes during adulthood. Br. J. Psychiatry 195, 264-265 (2009).
- McMahon, E. M. et al. Physical activity in European adolescents and associations with anxiety, depression and well-being. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 26, 111-122 (2017).
- Doré, I., O’Loughlin, J. L., Beauchamp, G., Martineau, M. & Fournier, L. Volume and social context of physical activity in association with mental health, anxiety and depression among youth. Prev. Med. 91, 344-350 (2016).
- Ashdown-Franks, G., Sabiston, C. M., Solomon-Krakus, S. & O’Loughlin, J. L. Sport participation in high school and anxiety symptoms in young adulthood. Ment. Health Phys. Act. 12, 19-24 (2017).
- Iwon, K., Skibinska, J., Jasielska, D. & Kalwarczyk, S. Elevating subjective well-being through physical exercises: An intervention study. Front. Psychol. 12, 702678 (2021).
- Kjellenberg, K., Ekblom, O., Ahlen, J., Helgadóttir, B. & Nyberg, G. Cross-sectional associations between physical activity pattern, sports participation, screen time and mental health in Swedish adolescents. BMJ Open 12, e061929 (2022).
- McGuine, T. A. et al. High School sports during the COVID-19 pandemic: The effect of sport participation on the health of adolescents. J. Athl. Train. 57, 51-58 (2022).
- Hoffmann, M. D., Barnes, J. D., Tremblay, M. S. & Guerrero, M. D. Associations between organized sport participation and mental health difficulties: Data from over 11,000 US children and adolescents. PLoS ONE 17, e0268583 (2022).
- Bernstein, E. E., Curtiss, J. E., Wu, G. W. Y., Barreira, P. J. & McNally, R. J. Exercise and emotion dynamics: An experience sampling study. Emotion 19, 637-644 (2019).
- Guddal, M. H. et al. Physical activity and sport participation among adolescents: associations with mental health in different age groups. Results from the Young-HUNT study: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open 9, e028555 (2019).
- Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H. & Lightsey, R. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. J. Cogn. Psychother. 13, 158-166 (1999).
- Connolly, J. Social self-efficacy in adolescence: Relations with self-concept, social adjustment, and mental health. Can. J. Behav. Sci. Rev. Can. Des Sci. Du comport. 21, 258-269 (1989).
- Sonstroem, R. J., Harlow, L. L. & Josephs, L. Exercise and self-esteem: Validity of model expansion and exercise associations. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 16, 29-42 (1994).
- Saunders, R. P., Dishman, R. K., Dowda, M. & Pate, R. R. Personal, social, and environmental influences on physical activity in groups of children as defined by different physical activity patterns. J. Phys. Act. Health 17, 867-873 (2020).
- Moeini, B. et al. Perceived stress, self-efficacy and its relations to psychological well-being status in Iranian male high school students. Soc. Behav. Pers. 36, 257-266 (2008).
- Robbins, L. B., Pis, M. B., Pender, N. J. & Kazanis, A. S.. Exercise self-efficacy, enjoyment, and feeling states among adolescents. West. J. Nurs. Res. 26, 699-715 (2004).
- Smith, M. S. & Womack, W. M. Stress management techniques in childhood and adolescence: Relaxation training, meditation, hypnosis, and biofeedback: Appropriate clinical applications. Clin. Pediatr. 26, 581-585 (1987).
- Connolly, D. et al. The impact of a primary care stress management and wellbeing programme (RENEW) on occupational participation: A pilot study. Br. J. Occup. Ther. 82, 112-121 (2019).
- Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H. & Wadsworth, M. E. Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychol. Bull. 127, 87-127 (2001).
- Shepardson, R. L., Tapio, J. & Funderburk, J. S. Self-management strategies for stress and anxiety used by nontreatment seeking veteran primary care patients. Milit. Med. 182, e1747-e1754 (2017).
- Popov, S., Sokic, J. & Stupar, D. Activity matters: Physical exercise and stress coping during the 2020 COVID-19 state of emergency. Psihologija 54, 307-322 (2021).
- Wang, X. & Yang, H. Is academic burden really less and less-A cross-sectional historical meta-analysis of the academic pressure of middle school students. Educ. Res. Shanghai https://doi.org/10.16194/j.cnki.31-1059/g4.2022.10.013 (2022).
- Perchtold-Stefan, C. M., Fink, A., Rominger, C., Weiss, E. M. & Papousek, I. More habitual physical activity is linked to the use of specific, more adaptive cognitive reappraisal strategies in dealing with stressful events. Stress Health 36, 274-286 (2020).
- Edwards, S. Physical exercise and psychological well-being. S. Afr. J. Psychol. 36, 357-373 (2006).
- Hampel, P. Brief report: Coping among Austrian children and adolescents. J. Adolesc. 30, 885-890 (2007).
- Bischoff, L. L., Baumann, H., Meixner, C., Nixon, P. & Wollesen, B. App-tailoring requirements to increase stress management competencies within families: Cross-sectional survey study. J. Med. Internet Res. 23, e26376 (2021).
- Vogel, E. A. et al. Physical activity and stress management during COVID-19: A longitudinal survey study. Psychol. Health 37, 51-61 (2022).
- Cicognani, E. Coping strategies with minor stressors in adolescence: Relationships with social support, self-efficacy, and psychological well-being: Coping strategies with minor stressors. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 41, 559-578 (2011).
- Hussong, A. M., Midgette, A. J., Thomas, T. E., Coffman, J. L. & Cho, S. Coping and mental health in early adolescence during COVID-19. Res. Child Adolesc. Psychopathol. 49, 1113-1123 (2021).
- Walker, S., Sechrist, K., Pender N. The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. Omaha: University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Nursing (1995).
- Wang, C., Hu, Z. & Liu, Y. A study on the reliability and validity of general self -efficacy scales. Appl. Psychol. 49, 37-40 (2001).
- Kessler, R. C. et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol. Med. 32, 959-976 (2002).
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y. & Podsakoff, N. P. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J. Appl. Psychol. 88, 879-903 (2003).
- Akoglu, H. User’s guide to correlation coefficients. Turk. J. Emerg. Med. 18, https://ubir.buffalo.edu/xmlui/handle/10477/2957? show=full 91-93 (2018).
- Wen, Z., Zhang, L., Hou, J. & Liu, H. Mediation effect test procedure and its application. J. Psychol. 5, 614-620 (2004).
- Lubans, D. R., Foster, C. & Biddle, S. J. H. A review of mediators of behavior in interventions to promote physical activity among children and adolescents. Prev. Med. 47, 463-470 (2008).
- Conroy, D. E., Hyde, A. L., Doerksen, S. E. & Ribeiro, N. F. Implicit attitudes and explicit motivation prospectively predict physical activity. Ann. Behav. Med. 39, 112-118 (2010).
- Gomez-Baya, D., Mendoza, R., Matos, M. G. D. & Tomico, A. Sport participation, body satisfaction and depressive symptoms in adolescence: A moderated-mediation analysis of gender differences. Eur. J. Dev. Psychol. 16, 183-197 (2019).
- Christiansen, L. B. et al. Improving children’s physical self-perception through a school-based physical activity intervention: The move for well-being in school study. Ment. Health Phys. Act. 14, 31-38 (2018).
- Cai, G., Ji, L. & Su, J. A study of the relationship between perception of physical activity and motivation for physcial activity and mental health in elementary and middle school students. J. Psychol. Sci. 41, 844-846 (2004).
- Mothes, H. et al. Expectations affect psychological and neurophysiological benefits even after a single bout of exercise. J. Behav. Med. 40, 293-306 (2017).
- Crone, D. & Guy, H. ‘I know it is only exercise, but to me it is something that keeps me going’ : A qualitative approach to understanding mental health service users’ experiences of sports therapy. Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs. 17, 197-207 (2008).
- Doré, I. et al. Years participating in sports during childhood predicts mental health in adolescence: A 5-year longitudinal study. J. Adolesc. Health 64, 790-796 (2019).
- Berg, N., Kiviruusu, O., Grundström, J., Huurre, T. & Marttunen, M. Stress, development and mental health study, the follow-up study of finnish TAM cohort from adolescence to midlife: Cohort profile. BMJ Open 11, e046654 (2021).
- Sheikh, M. A., Abelsen, B. & Olsen, J. A. Clarifying associations between childhood adversity, social support, behavioral factors, and mental health, health, and well-being in adulthood: A population-based study. Front. Psychol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg. 2016.00727 (2016).
- Grych, J., Hamby, S. & Banyard, V. The resilience portfolio model: Understanding healthy adaptation in victims of violence. Psychol. Violence 5, 343-354 (2015).
- Banyard, V., Hamby, S. & Grych, J. Health effects of adverse childhood events: Identifying promising protective factors at the intersection of mental and physical well-being. Child Abus. Negl. 65, 88-98 (2017).
- Grych, J., Taylor, E., Banyard, V. & Hamby, S. Applying the dual factor model of mental health to understanding protective factors in adolescence. Am. J. Orthopsychiatr. 90, 458-467 (2020).
- Li, H., Yan, J., Shen, B., Chen, A. & Huang, C. The effect of extracurricular physical exercise on life satisfaction of senior primary school students: The chain mediating effect of self-confidence and psychological resilience. China Sports Sci. Technol. 58, 51-56 (2022).
- Deng, K., Tsuda, A., Horiuchi, S. & Aoki, S. Processes of change, pros, cons, and self-efficacy as variables associated with stage transitions for effective stress management over a month: A longitudinal study. BMC Psychol. 10, 122 (2022).
- Parsons, S., Songco, A., Booth, C. & Fox, E. Emotional information-processing correlates of positive mental health in adolescence: A network analysis approach. Cognit. Emot. 35, 956-969 (2021).
الشكر والتقدير
مساهمات المؤلفين
التمويل
المصالح المتنافسة
معلومات إضافية
معلومات إعادة الطبع والتصاريح متاحة على www.nature.com/reprints.
ملاحظة الناشر تظل Springer Nature محايدة فيما يتعلق بالمطالبات القضائية في الخرائط المنشورة والانتماءات المؤسسية.
© المؤلفون 2024
- كلية التربية البدنية، جامعة شاندونغ، جينان 250061، الصين.
البريد الإلكتروني: Lituojian@sdu.edu.cn
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56149-4
PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38448518
Publication Date: 2024-03-06
The association between physical activity, self-efficacy, stress self-management and mental health among adolescents
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the interplay between physical activity, self-efficacy, stress selfmanagement and mental health among adolescents. The study gathered data from an online survey conducted among 400 Chinese middle school students (mean age
According to the WHO,
Materials and methods Participants and procedures

Measures
The Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile includes Six dimensions that describe self-initiated actions and perceptions of health promotion behaviours
Self-efficacy
Stress self-management
Mental health
Statistical analysis
Institutional review board statement
Informed consent statement
Results
Common method bias analysis
Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis
Multicollinearity test
Mediation analyses
M | SD |
|
|
|
|
|
Physical activity | 20.54 | 20.182 | 1 |
|
|
|
Self-efficacy | 29.46 | 4.859 | 1 |
|
|
|
Stress self-management | 21.4 | 4.616 | 1 |
|
||
Mental health | 40.59 | 8.763 | 1 |
Outcome variable | Model 1 Self-efficacy | Model 2 Stress selfmanagement | Model 3 Mental health | ||||||
|
SE | t |
|
SE | t |
|
SE | t | |
Physical activity | 0.2797 | 0.0361 | 7.7433*** | 0.5535 | 0.035 |
|
-0.1785 | 0.0926 | -1.9265 |
Self-efficacy | 0.1545 | 0.0479 |
|
0.2858 | 0.0981 |
|
|||
Stress self-management | 0.6188 | 0.108 |
|
||||||
R2 | 0.4275 | 0.7317 | 0.42434 | ||||||
F | 15.7017 | 67.2043 | 10.9481 |
Effect | Pathways | Estimated | Boot S.E | 95% C.I | |
Lower | Upper | ||||
Direct effect |
|
-0.1785 | 0.0962 | -0.3607 | 0.0037 |
Effect |
|
0.0799 | 0.0459 | 0.0041 | 0.1801 |
|
0.3425 | 0.0732 | 0.2044 | 0.4948 | |
|
0.0267 | 0.0126 | 0.0070 | 0.0560 | |
Total effect | 0.2707 | 0.0696 | 0.1338 | 0.4076 | |
Total indirect effect | 0.4492 | 0.0752 | 0.3061 | 0.6065 |

Discussion
Limitation and implications
measurements of the variables under investigation. Furthermore, the study’s focus on the mediating role of selfefficacy and stress self-management leaves room for the inclusion of additional relevant moderating variables in future research. By incorporating these variables, a more comprehensive understanding of how physical activity influences mental health can be achieved, allowing for a more nuanced exploration of the underlying dynamics.
Data availability
Received: 6 September 2023; Accepted: 1 March 2024
Published online: 06 March 2024
References
- Blakemore, S.-J. Adolescence and mental health. Lancet 393, 2030-2031 (2019).
- Casas, F. & González-Carrasco, M. Subjective well-being decreasing with age: New research on children over 8. Child Dev. 90, 375-394 (2019).
- Holmbeck, G. N., Friedman, D., Abad, M. & Jandasek, B. Development and psychopathology in adolescence. In Behavioral And Emotional Disorders In Adolescents: Nature, Assessment, And Treatment (eds Holmbeck, G. N. et al.) 21-55 (Guilford Publications, 2006).
- Petersen, K. J., Humphrey, N. & Qualter, P. Dual-factor mental health from childhood to early adolescence and associated factors: A latent transition analysis. J. Youth Adolesc. 51, 1118-1133 (2022).
- Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P. & Kasen, S. Minor depression during adolescence and mental health outcomes during adulthood. Br. J. Psychiatry 195, 264-265 (2009).
- McMahon, E. M. et al. Physical activity in European adolescents and associations with anxiety, depression and well-being. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 26, 111-122 (2017).
- Doré, I., O’Loughlin, J. L., Beauchamp, G., Martineau, M. & Fournier, L. Volume and social context of physical activity in association with mental health, anxiety and depression among youth. Prev. Med. 91, 344-350 (2016).
- Ashdown-Franks, G., Sabiston, C. M., Solomon-Krakus, S. & O’Loughlin, J. L. Sport participation in high school and anxiety symptoms in young adulthood. Ment. Health Phys. Act. 12, 19-24 (2017).
- Iwon, K., Skibinska, J., Jasielska, D. & Kalwarczyk, S. Elevating subjective well-being through physical exercises: An intervention study. Front. Psychol. 12, 702678 (2021).
- Kjellenberg, K., Ekblom, O., Ahlen, J., Helgadóttir, B. & Nyberg, G. Cross-sectional associations between physical activity pattern, sports participation, screen time and mental health in Swedish adolescents. BMJ Open 12, e061929 (2022).
- McGuine, T. A. et al. High School sports during the COVID-19 pandemic: The effect of sport participation on the health of adolescents. J. Athl. Train. 57, 51-58 (2022).
- Hoffmann, M. D., Barnes, J. D., Tremblay, M. S. & Guerrero, M. D. Associations between organized sport participation and mental health difficulties: Data from over 11,000 US children and adolescents. PLoS ONE 17, e0268583 (2022).
- Bernstein, E. E., Curtiss, J. E., Wu, G. W. Y., Barreira, P. J. & McNally, R. J. Exercise and emotion dynamics: An experience sampling study. Emotion 19, 637-644 (2019).
- Guddal, M. H. et al. Physical activity and sport participation among adolescents: associations with mental health in different age groups. Results from the Young-HUNT study: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open 9, e028555 (2019).
- Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H. & Lightsey, R. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. J. Cogn. Psychother. 13, 158-166 (1999).
- Connolly, J. Social self-efficacy in adolescence: Relations with self-concept, social adjustment, and mental health. Can. J. Behav. Sci. Rev. Can. Des Sci. Du comport. 21, 258-269 (1989).
- Sonstroem, R. J., Harlow, L. L. & Josephs, L. Exercise and self-esteem: Validity of model expansion and exercise associations. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 16, 29-42 (1994).
- Saunders, R. P., Dishman, R. K., Dowda, M. & Pate, R. R. Personal, social, and environmental influences on physical activity in groups of children as defined by different physical activity patterns. J. Phys. Act. Health 17, 867-873 (2020).
- Moeini, B. et al. Perceived stress, self-efficacy and its relations to psychological well-being status in Iranian male high school students. Soc. Behav. Pers. 36, 257-266 (2008).
- Robbins, L. B., Pis, M. B., Pender, N. J. & Kazanis, A. S.. Exercise self-efficacy, enjoyment, and feeling states among adolescents. West. J. Nurs. Res. 26, 699-715 (2004).
- Smith, M. S. & Womack, W. M. Stress management techniques in childhood and adolescence: Relaxation training, meditation, hypnosis, and biofeedback: Appropriate clinical applications. Clin. Pediatr. 26, 581-585 (1987).
- Connolly, D. et al. The impact of a primary care stress management and wellbeing programme (RENEW) on occupational participation: A pilot study. Br. J. Occup. Ther. 82, 112-121 (2019).
- Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H. & Wadsworth, M. E. Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychol. Bull. 127, 87-127 (2001).
- Shepardson, R. L., Tapio, J. & Funderburk, J. S. Self-management strategies for stress and anxiety used by nontreatment seeking veteran primary care patients. Milit. Med. 182, e1747-e1754 (2017).
- Popov, S., Sokic, J. & Stupar, D. Activity matters: Physical exercise and stress coping during the 2020 COVID-19 state of emergency. Psihologija 54, 307-322 (2021).
- Wang, X. & Yang, H. Is academic burden really less and less-A cross-sectional historical meta-analysis of the academic pressure of middle school students. Educ. Res. Shanghai https://doi.org/10.16194/j.cnki.31-1059/g4.2022.10.013 (2022).
- Perchtold-Stefan, C. M., Fink, A., Rominger, C., Weiss, E. M. & Papousek, I. More habitual physical activity is linked to the use of specific, more adaptive cognitive reappraisal strategies in dealing with stressful events. Stress Health 36, 274-286 (2020).
- Edwards, S. Physical exercise and psychological well-being. S. Afr. J. Psychol. 36, 357-373 (2006).
- Hampel, P. Brief report: Coping among Austrian children and adolescents. J. Adolesc. 30, 885-890 (2007).
- Bischoff, L. L., Baumann, H., Meixner, C., Nixon, P. & Wollesen, B. App-tailoring requirements to increase stress management competencies within families: Cross-sectional survey study. J. Med. Internet Res. 23, e26376 (2021).
- Vogel, E. A. et al. Physical activity and stress management during COVID-19: A longitudinal survey study. Psychol. Health 37, 51-61 (2022).
- Cicognani, E. Coping strategies with minor stressors in adolescence: Relationships with social support, self-efficacy, and psychological well-being: Coping strategies with minor stressors. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 41, 559-578 (2011).
- Hussong, A. M., Midgette, A. J., Thomas, T. E., Coffman, J. L. & Cho, S. Coping and mental health in early adolescence during COVID-19. Res. Child Adolesc. Psychopathol. 49, 1113-1123 (2021).
- Walker, S., Sechrist, K., Pender N. The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. Omaha: University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Nursing (1995).
- Wang, C., Hu, Z. & Liu, Y. A study on the reliability and validity of general self -efficacy scales. Appl. Psychol. 49, 37-40 (2001).
- Kessler, R. C. et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol. Med. 32, 959-976 (2002).
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y. & Podsakoff, N. P. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J. Appl. Psychol. 88, 879-903 (2003).
- Akoglu, H. User’s guide to correlation coefficients. Turk. J. Emerg. Med. 18, https://ubir.buffalo.edu/xmlui/handle/10477/2957? show=full 91-93 (2018).
- Wen, Z., Zhang, L., Hou, J. & Liu, H. Mediation effect test procedure and its application. J. Psychol. 5, 614-620 (2004).
- Lubans, D. R., Foster, C. & Biddle, S. J. H. A review of mediators of behavior in interventions to promote physical activity among children and adolescents. Prev. Med. 47, 463-470 (2008).
- Conroy, D. E., Hyde, A. L., Doerksen, S. E. & Ribeiro, N. F. Implicit attitudes and explicit motivation prospectively predict physical activity. Ann. Behav. Med. 39, 112-118 (2010).
- Gomez-Baya, D., Mendoza, R., Matos, M. G. D. & Tomico, A. Sport participation, body satisfaction and depressive symptoms in adolescence: A moderated-mediation analysis of gender differences. Eur. J. Dev. Psychol. 16, 183-197 (2019).
- Christiansen, L. B. et al. Improving children’s physical self-perception through a school-based physical activity intervention: The move for well-being in school study. Ment. Health Phys. Act. 14, 31-38 (2018).
- Cai, G., Ji, L. & Su, J. A study of the relationship between perception of physical activity and motivation for physcial activity and mental health in elementary and middle school students. J. Psychol. Sci. 41, 844-846 (2004).
- Mothes, H. et al. Expectations affect psychological and neurophysiological benefits even after a single bout of exercise. J. Behav. Med. 40, 293-306 (2017).
- Crone, D. & Guy, H. ‘I know it is only exercise, but to me it is something that keeps me going’ : A qualitative approach to understanding mental health service users’ experiences of sports therapy. Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs. 17, 197-207 (2008).
- Doré, I. et al. Years participating in sports during childhood predicts mental health in adolescence: A 5-year longitudinal study. J. Adolesc. Health 64, 790-796 (2019).
- Berg, N., Kiviruusu, O., Grundström, J., Huurre, T. & Marttunen, M. Stress, development and mental health study, the follow-up study of finnish TAM cohort from adolescence to midlife: Cohort profile. BMJ Open 11, e046654 (2021).
- Sheikh, M. A., Abelsen, B. & Olsen, J. A. Clarifying associations between childhood adversity, social support, behavioral factors, and mental health, health, and well-being in adulthood: A population-based study. Front. Psychol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg. 2016.00727 (2016).
- Grych, J., Hamby, S. & Banyard, V. The resilience portfolio model: Understanding healthy adaptation in victims of violence. Psychol. Violence 5, 343-354 (2015).
- Banyard, V., Hamby, S. & Grych, J. Health effects of adverse childhood events: Identifying promising protective factors at the intersection of mental and physical well-being. Child Abus. Negl. 65, 88-98 (2017).
- Grych, J., Taylor, E., Banyard, V. & Hamby, S. Applying the dual factor model of mental health to understanding protective factors in adolescence. Am. J. Orthopsychiatr. 90, 458-467 (2020).
- Li, H., Yan, J., Shen, B., Chen, A. & Huang, C. The effect of extracurricular physical exercise on life satisfaction of senior primary school students: The chain mediating effect of self-confidence and psychological resilience. China Sports Sci. Technol. 58, 51-56 (2022).
- Deng, K., Tsuda, A., Horiuchi, S. & Aoki, S. Processes of change, pros, cons, and self-efficacy as variables associated with stage transitions for effective stress management over a month: A longitudinal study. BMC Psychol. 10, 122 (2022).
- Parsons, S., Songco, A., Booth, C. & Fox, E. Emotional information-processing correlates of positive mental health in adolescence: A network analysis approach. Cognit. Emot. 35, 956-969 (2021).
Acknowledgements
Author contributions
Funding
Competing interests
Additional information
Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
© The Author(s) 2024
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.
email: Lituojian@sdu.edu.cn