DOI: https://doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2025.2.0130
تاريخ النشر: 2025-04-23
مقالة بحثية
انتشار الأجسام المضادة والتحقيق الجزيئي في داء البروسيلات في الإبل في مصر مع التركيز على عوامل الخطر المحتملة
تاريخ المقال:
تاريخ القبول: 7-أبريل-2025
*المؤلف المراسل:
محمود حسين
m_vet30@yahoo.com
الملخص
حمى الجمال هي مرض بكتيري حيواني مهم يؤثر على كل من البشر والحيوانات، مما يؤدي إلى خسائر اقتصادية كبيرة. تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى الإبلاغ عن انتشار الأجسام المضادة لحمى الجمال في الجمال الدرويشية في مصر وتحديد عوامل الخطر المحتملة المرتبطة بالمرض. تم جمع ما مجموعه 618 عينة مصل من حيوانات تبدو صحية في محافظتي البحر الأحمر والجيزة، مصر، من يناير 2022 إلى يونيو 2023. تم جمع ست عينات من الحليب من الحيوانات الإيجابية للأجسام المضادة لتأكيد تشخيص حمى الجمال باستخدام تفاعل البوليميراز المتسلسل (PCR). تم تحليل عينات المصل باستخدام اختبار لوحة روز بنغال (RBPT) وELISA غير المباشر (iELISA). كانت معدلات انتشار الأجسام المضادة هي
الاستشهاد: حسين، م.، الديستي، م.، فرج، في. م.، سليم، أ. م.، والباز، إ. 2025. انتشار الأجسام المضادة والتحقيق الجزيئي لحمى الجمال في مصر مع التركيز على عوامل الخطر المحتملة. المجلة الألمانية للبحوث البيطرية. 5 (2): 15-23.https://doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2025.2.0130
مقدمة
الإنتاج، والنقل، والزراعة، والسياحة (عشور وعبد الرحمن، 2022). حمى الجمال هي مرض حيواني واسع الانتشار، على الرغم من أن البلدان ذات الدخل المرتفع قد قضت عليه بشكل أساسي. يسببه بكتيريا صغيرة غير متحركة وغير منتجة للأبواغ، داخل خلوية اختيارية، هوائية، سالبة الجرام (غلوفاكا وآخرون، 2018). هناك 13 نوعًا مقبولًا من بكتيريا Brucella، بما في ذلك ستة أنواع كلاسيكية محددة المضيف. على سبيل المثال، تصيب B. melitensis الأغنام والماعز بشكل أساسي، بينما تصيب B. abortus الماشية والجاموس،
تتراوح الأعراض السريرية لحمى الجمال في الجمال من عدم وجود أعراض إلى حالات شديدة، وأهم العلامات السريرية هي الإجهاض، احتباس المشيمة، التهاب الرحم، التهاب الخصية، التهاب البربخ، والتورم (سبراجي وآخرون، 2012). ومع ذلك، فإن هذه العلامات السريرية في الجمال عمومًا أقل حدة من تلك التي تُرى في الماشية (Legesse وآخرون، 2024). تساهم الصورة غير العرضية للمرض في الجمال المصابة بشكل كبير في انتقال حمى الجمال إلى البشر، والتي يمكن أن تحدث من خلال استهلاك الحليب الملوث، أو الاتصال المباشر، أو تناول الحليب غير المبستر (غويدا وآخرون، 2012؛ موسى وآخرون، 2008). تشكل حمى الجمال المهنية خطرًا كبيرًا، خاصة بالنسبة للأطباء البيطريين الذين يصابون بالمرض من خلال الاتصال المباشر مع الحيوانات المصابة و/أو منتجاتها أثناء التدخلات لعلاج احتباس المشيمة أو حملات تطعيم حمى الجمال بسبب عدم كفاية حماية اليدين (لونس وآخرون، 2022). لاكتشاف عدوى حمى الجمال في الجمال، يتم استخدام عدة اختبارات مصلية لتحديد الأجسام المضادة لبكتيريا Brucella في الدم. تشمل هذه الاختبارات اختبار لوحة روز بنغال (RBPT)، واختبار التكتل القياسي (SAT)، واختبار البطاقة السريع، واختبار ELISA المرتبط بالإنزيم، واختبار الفلورية
(FA)، واختبار تثبيت المكمل (فاطمة وآخرون، 2016). غالبًا ما يكون تشخيص حمى الجمال بدقة تحديًا ويتطلب عادةً اختبارات مصلية (الديستي وآخرون، 2018). أثناء الولادة أو الإجهاض، يتم إفراز كمية كبيرة من Brucella من خلال الإفرازات المهبلية، والسوائل الجنينية، وأنسجة المشيمة، ومحتويات معدة الجنين، والحليب. يمكن تحقيق عزل Brucella أو التعرف الجزيئي باستخدام تقنيات مناسبة (الديستي وآخرون، 2021). يعمل PCR كطريقة تأكيدية لاكتشاف Brucella في الجمال المصابة (Legesse وآخرون، 2023). أثبت AMOS-PCR فعاليته في تحديد بكتيريا Brucella spp. في الحيوانات، حيث تم الكشف عن جميع العزلات من
المواد والأساليب
بيان أخلاقي
الفحص السريري والمعلومات الوبائية
الحيوانات وأخذ عينات المصل
| منطقة | عدد العينات | جنس | عمر | تاريخ الإجهاض | حجم القطيع | هيكل القطيع | الحمل | ||||||
| ذكر | أنثى | < 5 سنوات |
|
لا | نعم | 10-30 |
|
الجمال فقط | جمل مع مجترّات | نعم | لا | ||
| البحر الأحمر الجيزة | ٣٦٥ | ١٣٩ | 226 | 195 | 170 | 128 | ٩٨ | ١٣٤ | 231 | 211 | 154 | 90 | ١٣٦ |
| 253 | 75 | 178 | ١١٦ | ١٣٧ | 113 | 65 | 72 | 181 | 154 | 99 | 42 | ١٣٦ | |
| إجمالي | 618 | ٢١٤ | 404 | 311 | ٣٠٧ | 241 | 163 | ٢٠٦ | ٤١٢ | ٣٦٥ | 253 | 132 | 272 |
اختبار السيرولوجيا
أقل من
التعرف الجزيئي
استخراج الحمض النووي وتفاعل البوليميراز المتسلسل
| أنواع بروسيلا | *تسلسل النوكليوتيدات
|
الجزء المعزز |
| ب. أبورتوس | GAC-GAA-CGG-AAT-TTT-TCC-AAT-CCC | 498 قاعدة زوجية |
| ب. ميليتينسيس | AAA-TCG-CGT-CCT-TGC-TGG-TCT-GA | 731 نقطة أساس |
| ب. سوي | GCG-CGG-TTT-TCT-GAA-GGT-TCA-GG | 285 قاعدة أساسية |
| IS711 | TGC-CGA-TCA-CTT-AAG-GGC-CTT-CAT | — |
التحليل الإحصائي
النتائج
التظاهرات السريرية للجمال المعنية
انتشار الأجسام المضادة وعوامل الخطر
| الموقع | عدد العينات | عدد نتائج اختبار RBPT الإيجابية (%) | عدد الإيجابيات في اختبار ELISA (%) |
| البحر الأحمر | ٣٦٥ | 115 (31.5%) | 62 (17%) |
| الجيزة | 253 | 51 (20.2%) | 51 (20%) |
| إجمالي | 618 | 166 (26.8%) | 113 (18.3%) |
| iELISA | ||||
| إيجابي | سلبي | إجمالي | ||
| RBPT | إيجابي | 113 | 53 | 166 |
| سلبي | 0 | ٤٥٢ | ٤٥٢ | |
| إجمالي | 113 | ٥٠٥ | 618 | |
| المتغيرات | معدل اكتشاف الأجسام المضادة |
|
قيمة p
|
غرف العمليات | فترات الثقة 95% | |
| الأرقام (المصابين/الإجمالي) | % | |||||
| 1- المواقع الجغرافية | ||||||
| البحر الأحمر | 62/365 | 17 | 1.006 | 0.316 | ١.٢٣٤ | 0.8181.861 |
| الجيزة | 51/253 | 20 | ||||
| 2- العمر | ||||||
| < 5 سنوات | ٥٥/٣١١ | 17.7 | 0.151 | 0.698 | 1.084 | 0.7211.631 |
|
|
٥٨/٣٠٧ | 18.9 | ||||
| 3- الجنس | ||||||
| ذكر | 44/214 | ٢٠.٥ | 1.135 | 0.287 | 0.796 | 0.5221.212 |
| أنثى | 69/404 | 17 | ||||
| 4- تاريخ الإجهاض | ||||||
| لا | ٣٣/٢٤١ | 13.7 | ٤.٨ |
|
1.787 | 1.0613.009 |
| نعم | ٣٦/١٦٣ | ٢٢ | ||||
| 5- حجم القطيع | ||||||
| 10-30 جمل | ٢٨/٢٠٦ | 13.6 | ٤.٥٥٤ |
|
1.652 | 1.0392.629 |
|
|
85/412 | 20.6 | ||||
| 6- هيكل القطيع | ||||||
| الجمال فقط | ٥٥/٣٦٥ | 15 | 6.173 |
|
1.676 | 1.1122.526 |
| الجمال مع المجترات | ٥٨/٢٥٣ | 22.9 | ||||
| 7- الحمل | ||||||
| نعم | ٢٧/١٣٢ | ٢٠.٤ | 1.577 | 0.209 | 1.408 | 0.8242.406 |
| لا | 42/272 | 15.4 | ||||
التعرف الجزيئي على أنواع البروسيلة في الإبل
نقاش
الذي أبرز دور التربية المختلطة في انتقال داء البروسيلات (دادار وآخرون، 2022؛ محمد وآخرون، 2021؛ المجالي وآخرون، 2008؛ فاطمة وآخرون، 2016). تم تحديد حجم القطيع كعامل خطر لداء البروسيلات في الإبل، حيث يمكن أن تنتشر العدوى بين أعداد كبيرة من الإبل المحتفظ بها معًا. تم الإبلاغ عن ملاحظات مماثلة في دراسات سابقة أجريت في الإمارات العربية المتحدة والأردن (محمد وشغيدي، 2013؛ المجالي وآخرون، 2008). وجدت دراستنا أن حدوث داء البروسيلات في الإبل مرتبط بتاريخ من الإجهاض، وهو ما يتفق مع النتائج من (مانيفانان وآخرون، 2021؛ نارنوار وآخرون، 2017). عزل
الخاتمة
من الإبل مع المجترات لمنع انتشار الأمراض. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، من الضروري إجراء دراسات إضافية على نطاق سكاني كبير عبر مواقع مختلفة لتحديد أنواع البروسيلة المنتشرة في الإبل، وللحصول على فهم أفضل لعوامل الخطر المحتملة المرتبطة بالمرض.
معلومات المقال
تعارض المصالح. لم يعلن المؤلف عن أي تعارض في المصالح. مساهمة المؤلفين. م.ح.: التصور، التصميم، المنهجية، البرمجيات، وكتابة المسودة الأصلية. م.إ-د.: التصور، المنهجية، الكتابة، المراجعة، والتحرير. ف.م.ف.: المراجعة والتحقق. أ.م.س.: المراجعة والتحقق. إ.إ.: إدارة المشروع، التحقق، والمراجعة. جميع المؤلفين قرأوا ووافقوا على النسخة المنشورة من المخطوطة.
توفر البيانات. المساهمات الأصلية المقدمة في هذه الدراسة مدرجة في المقال. يمكن توجيه الاستفسارات الإضافية إلى المؤلف المراسل.
ملاحظة الناشر. المطالبات والبيانات الواردة في هذه المخطوطة هي فقط تلك الخاصة بالمؤلفين ولا تمثل تلك الخاصة بناشر GMPC أو المحررين أو المراجعين. ينفي ناشر GMPC والمحررون المسؤولية عن أي إصابة للأشخاص أو الممتلكات الناتجة عن محتويات هذا المقال.
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Musa, M.T., Eisa, M.Z.M., El Sanousi, E.M., Wahab, M.A., Perrett, L., 2008. Brucellosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Darfur, western Sudan. Journal of Comparative Pathology 138, 151-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.10.005
Narnaware, S.D., Dahiya, S.S., Kumar, S., Tuteja, F.C., Nath, K., Patil, N.V., 2017. Pathological and diagnostic investigations of abortions and neonatal mortality associated with natural infection of Brucella abortus in dromedary camels. Comparative Clinical Pathology 26, 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-016-2348-4
Pappas, G., 2010. The changing Brucella ecology: novel reservoirs, new threats. Intl J Antimicrob Agents 36, S8-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.013
Pappas, G., Solera, J., Akritidis, N., Tsianos, E., 2005. New approaches to the antibiotic treatment of brucellosis. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 26, 101-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.06.001
Refai, M., 2002. Incidence and control of brucellosis in the Near East region. Veterinary Microbiology 90, 81-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00248-1
Sahban, M., Etokhy, E. I., Al-Azeem, A., Mohamed, W., Younis,
W., 2023. Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Brucella species among camels at Aswan governorate. SVUInternational Journal of Veterinary Sciences 6, 33-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/svu.2023.208647.1271
Salih, M.E., Shuaib, Y.A., Suliman, S.E., Abdalla, M.A., 2016. Seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in camels in and around Alzulfi, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 23, 265-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/22778934.2016.00045.X
Viljoen, G.J., Nel, L.H., Crowther, J.R., 2005. Molecular diagnostic PCR handbook. IAEA-FAO, Springer, Dordrecht: The Netherlands. 120-201.
Wareth, G., Hikal, A., Refai, M., Melzer, F., Roesler, U., Neubauer, H., 2014. Animal brucellosis in Egypt. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, 1365-73. https://doi.org/ 10.3855/jidc. 4872
- RBPT: Rose Bengal plate test, ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2025.2.0130
Publication Date: 2025-04-23
Research article
Seroprevalence and molecular investigation of camel brucellosis in Egypt with emphasis on potential risk factors
Article History:
Accepted: 7-April-2025
*Correspondence author:
Mahmoud Hussein
m_vet30@yahoo.com
Abstract
Brucellosis is a significant zoonotic bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals, resulting in severe economic losses. The current study aimed to report the seroprevalence of brucellosis in dromedary camels in Egypt and to identify the potential risk factors associated with the disease. A total of 618 serum samples were collected from apparently healthy animals in Al-Bahr Al-Ahmar and Giza governorates, Egypt, from January 2022 to June 2023. Six milk samples were collected from seropositive animals to confirm the diagnosis of brucellosis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The serum samples were analyzed using the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and indirect ELISA (iELISA). The seroprevalence rates were
Citation: Hussein, M., El-Diasty, M., Farag, V. M., Selim, A. M., and Elbaz, E. 2025. Seroprevalence and molecular investigation of camel brucellosis in Egypt with emphasis on potential risk factors. Ger. J. Vet. Res. 5 (2): 15-23. https://doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2025.2.0130
Introduction
production, transportation, agriculture, and tourism (Ashour and Abdel-Rahman, 2022). Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease, although high-income countries have primarily eradicated it. It is caused by a small, non-motile, non-spore-forming, facultative intracellular, and aerobic Gram-negative bacterium (Głowacka et al., 2018). There are 13 accepted nomo-species of Brucellae, including six classical species that are host-specific. For instance, B. melitensis primarily infects sheep and goats, B. abortus infects cattle and buffaloes,
The clinical presentation of brucellosis in camels ranges from asymptomatic to severe cases, and the main clinical signs are abortion, retained placenta, endometritis, orchitis, epididymitis, and hygroma (Sprague et al., 2012). However, these clinical signs in camels are generally less severe than those seen in cattle (Legesse et al., 2024). The asymptomatic form of the disease in infected camels significantly contributes to the transmission of brucellosis to humans, which can occur through the consumption of contaminated milk, direct contact, or ingestion of unpasteurized milk (Gwida et al., 2012; Musa et al., 2008). Occupational brucellosis poses a significant risk, particularly for veterinarians who contract the disease through direct contact with infected animals and/or their byproducts during interventions for retained placenta or brucellosis vaccination campaigns due to inadequate hand protection (Lounes et al., 2022). To detect brucellosis infections in camels, several serological tests are used to identify antibodies of Brucella in the blood. These tests include the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), the standard agglutination test (SAT), the rapid card test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the fluorescence
assay (FA), and the complement fixation test (Fatima et al., 2016). Accurately diagnosing brucellosis is often challenging and typically requires serological testing (El-Diasty et al., 2018). During parturition or abortion, a significant amount of Brucella is shed through vaginal discharges, fetal fluid, placental tissue, fetal stomach contents, and milk. Brucella isolation or molecular identification can be accomplished using appropriate techniques (El-Diasty et al., 2021). PCR serves as a confirmatory method for detecting Brucella in infected camels (Legesse et al., 2023). AMOS-PCR has proven effective in identifying Brucella spp. in animals, successfully detecting all isolates of
Materials and methods
Ethical statement
Clinical examination and epidemiological information
Animals and serum sampling
| Region | No. of samples | Gender | Age | History of abortion | Herd size | Herd structure | Pregnancy | ||||||
| Male | Female | < 5 years |
|
No | Yes | 10-30 |
|
Camels only | Camel with ruminants | Yes | No | ||
| Al-Bahr Al- Ahmar Giza | 365 | 139 | 226 | 195 | 170 | 128 | 98 | 134 | 231 | 211 | 154 | 90 | 136 |
| 253 | 75 | 178 | 116 | 137 | 113 | 65 | 72 | 181 | 154 | 99 | 42 | 136 | |
| Total | 618 | 214 | 404 | 311 | 307 | 241 | 163 | 206 | 412 | 365 | 253 | 132 | 272 |
Serological testing
less than
Molecular identification
DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction
| Brucella species | *Nucleotide sequence
|
Amplified segment |
| B. abortus | GAC-GAA-CGG-AAT-TTT-TCC-AAT-CCC | 498 bp |
| B. melitensis | AAA-TCG-CGT-CCT-TGC-TGG-TCT-GA | 731 bp |
| B. suis | GCG-CGG-TTT-TCT-GAA-GGT-TCA-GG | 285 bp |
| IS711 | TGC-CGA-TCA-CTT-AAG-GGC-CTT-CAT | — |
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical manifestation of the involved camels
Seroprevalence and risk factors
| Location | Number of samples | No. of positive RBPT (%) | No. of positive ELISA (%) |
| Al-Bahr Al-Ahmar | 365 | 115 (31.5%) | 62 (17%) |
| Giza | 253 | 51 (20.2%) | 51 (20%) |
| Total | 618 | 166 (26.8%) | 113 (18.3%) |
| iELISA | ||||
| Positive | Negative | Total | ||
| RBPT | Positive | 113 | 53 | 166 |
| Negative | 0 | 452 | 452 | |
| Total | 113 | 505 | 618 | |
| Variables | Detection rate of antibodies |
|
pvalue
|
ORs | 95% CIs | |
| Numbers (infected/total) | % | |||||
| 1- Geographic locations | ||||||
| Al-Bahr AlAhmar | 62/365 | 17 | 1.006 | 0.316 | 1.234 | 0.8181.861 |
| Giza | 51/253 | 20 | ||||
| 2- Age | ||||||
| < 5 years | 55/311 | 17.7 | 0.151 | 0.698 | 1.084 | 0.7211.631 |
|
|
58/307 | 18.9 | ||||
| 3- Gender | ||||||
| Male | 44/214 | 20.5 | 1.135 | 0.287 | 0.796 | 0.5221.212 |
| Female | 69/404 | 17 | ||||
| 4- History of abortion | ||||||
| No | 33/241 | 13.7 | 4.8 |
|
1.787 | 1.0613.009 |
| Yes | 36/163 | 22 | ||||
| 5- Herd size | ||||||
| 10-30 Camels | 28/206 | 13.6 | 4.554 |
|
1.652 | 1.0392.629 |
|
|
85/412 | 20.6 | ||||
| 6- Herd structure | ||||||
| Camels only | 55/365 | 15 | 6.173 |
|
1.676 | 1.1122.526 |
| Camels with ruminants | 58/253 | 22.9 | ||||
| 7- Pregnancy | ||||||
| Yes | 27/132 | 20.4 | 1.577 | 0.209 | 1.408 | 0.8242.406 |
| No | 42/272 | 15.4 | ||||
Molecular identification of Brucella species in camels
Discussion
that highlighted the role of mixed rearing in the transmission of brucellosis (Dadar et al., 2022; Mohamud et al., 2021; Al-Majali et al., 2008; Fatima et al., 2016). Herd size was identified as a risk factor for camel brucellosis, as the infection can spread among large numbers of camels kept together. Similar observations were reported in previous studies conducted in the UAE and Jordan (Mohammed and Shigidy, 2013; Al-Majali et al., 2008). Our study found that the occurrence of brucellosis in camels is associated with a history of abortion, which agrees with findings from (Manivannan et al., 2021; Narnaware et al., 2017). The isolation of
Conclusion
of camels with ruminants to prevent the spread of disease. Additionally, it is crucial to conduct further studies on a large population scale across various locations to identify Brucella spp. circulating in camels, and to gain a better understanding of the potential risk factors associated with the disease.
Article Information
Conflict of interest. The author declared no conflict of interest. Authors contribution. M.H.: conceptualization, design, methodology, software, and writing the original draft. M.E-D.: conceptualization, methodology, writing, review, and editing. V.M.F.: review and validation. A.M.S.: review and validation. E.E.: project administration, validation, and review. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Data availability. The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Publisher’s Note. The claims and data contained in this manuscript are solely those of the author(s) and do not represent those of the GMPC publisher, editors, or reviewers. GMPC publisher and the editors disclaim the responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from the contents of this article.
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Sahban, M., Etokhy, E. I., Al-Azeem, A., Mohamed, W., Younis,
W., 2023. Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Brucella species among camels at Aswan governorate. SVUInternational Journal of Veterinary Sciences 6, 33-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/svu.2023.208647.1271
Salih, M.E., Shuaib, Y.A., Suliman, S.E., Abdalla, M.A., 2016. Seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in camels in and around Alzulfi, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 23, 265-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/22778934.2016.00045.X
Viljoen, G.J., Nel, L.H., Crowther, J.R., 2005. Molecular diagnostic PCR handbook. IAEA-FAO, Springer, Dordrecht: The Netherlands. 120-201.
Wareth, G., Hikal, A., Refai, M., Melzer, F., Roesler, U., Neubauer, H., 2014. Animal brucellosis in Egypt. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, 1365-73. https://doi.org/ 10.3855/jidc. 4872
- RBPT: Rose Bengal plate test, ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
