في الاتجاه من الزمني إلى الشرطي
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الملخص
تتناول هذه الورقة العملية المزعومة أحادية الاتجاه من الوصلات الزمنية إلى الوصلات الشرطية. حيث تطورت الوصلات الشرطية إلى زمنية والعكس في اللغات الشادية واليابانية والمندرين، فإن الأحادية في المعنى الدقيق غير مرجحة، على الرغم من أن الوصلات الشرطية أكثر نحوية من الوصلات الزمنية. حيث أن التغيرات ثنائية الاتجاه نشأت على الأرجح في سياقات حيث كانت هناك معادلة شكلية ووظيفية بين الوصلات الزمنية والشرطية وكان تمييزها المورفوسينتاكتيكي غامضًا، يُقترح أن التغيرات هي عمليات منتظمة تتوسطها الغموض المورفوسينتاكتيكي. وبالتالي، تقترح هذه الفرضية أن التغيير النحوي قد يكون ثنائي الاتجاه بانتظام. قد يكون النحو، إذا تم تعريفه من حيث الانتظام بدلاً من الأحادية، ثنائي الاتجاه أيضًا.
1 المقدمة
2 زمنية > شرطية
2.1 مصادر الشرطيات
(تراوجوت 1985: 295)
يلاحظ تراوجوت (1985: 295) أن عندما في (1) تقارب شرطية إذا كانت التفسير هو “في جميع تلك المناسبات عندما عاد بيل إلى المنزل”، بدلاً من “في مناسبة محددة عندما عاد بيل إلى المنزل”. التفسير الأول هو عام مع مرجع زمني ماضٍ وسياق حيث قد تبدأ الزمنية في التطور إلى شرطية. التفسير الأخير ليس عامًا، حيث يصف وقوعًا لمرة واحدة. باختصار، إذا كانت العلاقة بين حالتين عامة، يمكن فهم العلاقات الزمنية شرطياً ويمكن تفسير الزمنية كشرطية.
2.2 الشرطيات أكثر نحوية من الزمنيات
(2) إذا قرر رفع الدعوى، سيسمح لمحامي المستشفى بمقابلته لأغراض الاكتشاف.
(بارتسكي 1999: 316)
(3) عندما يقرر رفع الدعوى، سيسمح لمحامي المستشفى بمقابلته لأغراض الاكتشاف.
(دانسيجير وسويتسر 2005: 48)
في (2) المتحدث محايد فيما يتعلق بما إذا كان ‘سيقرر أن…’ محتملًا أم لا. في (3)، المتحدث واثق من أن ‘سيقرر أن…’
(TAM) تركيبات؛ انظر بودلسكايا (2001) لاستطلاع نمطي. دانسجيير وسويتسر (2005) يطلقان على مثل هذه العلامات (المودالية) ‘أشكال الأفعال البعيدة’ في الإنجليزية، حيث تشير إلى موقف المتحدث الإبستيمي (دي) . على وجه التحديد، ما هو شكل الفعل الماضي قد يُستخدم في الشروط الافتراضية للتعبير عن الموقف الإبستيمي (دي) ، بدلاً من الإشارة إلى الماضي في الإنجليزية. على سبيل المثال، في (4)، الذي يجب قراءته مع الإشارة إلى المستقبل لتوضيح التباين بين (2) و(4)، فإن الشكل الماضي ‘قرر’ يبعد الموقف الافتراضي في (2)، مما يجعل جملة الشرط في (4) أكثر سلبية إبستيمياً من تلك الموجودة في (2).
(4) إذا قرر رفع الدعوى، سيسمح لمحامي المستشفى بمقابلته لأغراض الاكتشاف.
(دانسيجير وسويتسر 2005: 48)
من الجدير بالذكر أن القراءة النمطية لأشكال الأفعال البعيدة زمنياً غير متاحة عادةً في البروتاز الزمنية؛ عندما يحدث شكل الفعل الماضي هناك، فإنه يشير إلى الماضي (Verstraete 2007: 194)، ولكنه لا يشير إلى المسافة المعرفية؛ قارن (4). وذلك لأن الزمنيات تحدد موقفاً معرفياً إيجابياً لا يمكن أن يكون بعيداً (أي يتم التلاعب به بلاغياً). مشيراً إلى أن البروتاز الشرطية لديها “احتمالات أكثر للتلاعب بالإشارة الزمنية”، يلاحظ كومري (1982: 144) أن مثل هذه الاحتمالات “لا تنتقل إلى الجمل الزمنية”. كما يلاحظ أوير (2008: 175-177) أن الجمل التي تحمل علامة ‘wenn’ الألمانية (عندما؛ إذا) “تتأرجح بين قراءة زمنية وقراءة شرطية في المزاج الدال”، لكنها شرطية في المزاج التخيلي. أي أن ‘wenn’ الشرطية تسمح بمزيد من علامات ووظائف الزمن والمظهر.
(5) وإذا اكتشف هذا الرجل العلاقة بيننا، وهو سيفعل ذلك إذا بذل أي جهد في الأمر، فسوف يعرف أنك كنت معي في مستشفى كوليس…
(دانسيغير وسويتسر 2005: 53؛ باريتسكي 1999: 311)
دانسجيير وسويتسر (2005: 53) يلاحظان بالتالي: “إذا كانت غير محددة بين مجموعة من المواقف بما في ذلك تقريبًا كل شيء باستثناء الموقف الإيجابي الكامل.”
3 من الشرطي إلى الزمني والعودة مرة أخرى
3.1 اللغات الشادية
(6) ما كيدزيي جينكي يينغو.
عندما تذهب، أخبر جون
“عندما تكون هناك، أخبر جون …” (سميث 1969:122)
3.2 ياباني
البروتاسيس ‘عندما؛ منذ’ (هاسادا 1997: 279؛ فريلزفيغ 2010). (7) يحتوي على أحد أقدم الأمثلة على -tar-aba، والتي، بالنظر إلى التباين مع -tar-eba، لها تفسير شرطي، ولكن ليس زمنيًا.
| أوكيتسومو نو هانا | ساكي-تار-ابا | أدوات | ني | تسوجي | كوسو. |
| نبات البردي-جين-زهرة | بلوم-بريف-إف | أنا | إلى | أخبر.فعل | SFp |
| إذا كانت أزهار البقلاوة قد تفتحت (في المحيط)، يرجى السماح | أخبرني. | ||||
| (مانيوشو، القرن الثامن؛ شينزاتو 2015: 162) |
|
|
ميزور-eba | تسuki | كاتابوكي-نو. |
|
|
رؤية-عندما | قمر | إعداد-بروفايل |
“إذا/عندما أذهب إلى اليابان، سأتصل بك.” (فوجي 2018: 570)
| عصا | دينكي |
|
تسوك-eba | نيوا | لا | إينو |
|
| صباح الخير | ضوء | اسم | تشغيل-إيبا | فناء خلفي | جين | كلب | اسم |
| إسيني | هوه-هاجيميتا. | ||||||
| في الحال | بدأ النباح | ||||||
| عندما تُشغل الأضواء في الصباح، يكون الكلب(ة) في | |||||||
| “سوف يبدأ الفناء الخلفي بالنباح جميعًا في آن واحد.” (فوجي 2018: 562) |
| (…) إذا قلت لي أن أستند إلى الوراء… | بابامي | غا | ||||
| عودة الحساب | اغسل-أعط | اقتباس | قل متى | عجوز | اسم | |
| تواشي | و موتي كياجاتي | أوسينكا | و | |||
| فرشاة تنظيف الأواني | احضر | جاء | هور-باك | حساب | ||
| أرايمشو | كا تو | نُكاشي ياغارو. | ||||
| غسل | اقتباس | قل |
(شينزاتو 2015: 163)
(12)، وأيضًا سياق التبديل، يظهر أن -eba هو شرط، حيث يحدد شرطًا مضادًا للواقع (مع شكل صرفي منتظم
إذا تم إجراء الجراحة في الوقت المناسب، فمن المحتمل أن تكون النتائج جيدة.
في وقت مبكر في الجراحة، قد يكون الأمر جيدًا.
لن تتوقف.
تصبح.asp.pst sfp
إذا كانت قد أجرت عملية في مرحلة مبكرة، لربما كانت قد تعافت.
(فوجي 2018: 561).
3.3 الماندرين
3.3.1 شِيْ ‘عندما؛ إذا’
إذا جاء، كيف يمكنني أن أواجهه؟
كيف يمكن أن نواجه التحديات؟
إذا جاء متى كيف يجيب عليه
إذا جاء، كيف يجب أن نجيبه؟
(زوتانغجي، القرن العاشر؛ إيفرينغ 1995: 361)
| إذا |
|
ال | بينغ | شي | نا | تشولاي | شي | ي | وان |
| إذا | ابدأ | prF | مرض | متى | خذ | خارج | يأكل | واحد | حبوب |
(هونغلوومينغ، 1791؛ إيفرينغ 1995: 362)
من المحتمل أن تكون هذه التناقضات ناتجة عن حقيقة أن الجمل الشرطية المميزة بـ ruò… shí تختلف في الموقف المعرفي، مثل الجملة المميزة بـ -tara في (9). بينما ‘يأتي’ في (13) قد يكون أكثر إيجابية من الناحية المعرفية، حيث يشير السياق إلى أن المتحدث متأكد من ذلك، فإن ‘تصاب بالمرض’ في (14) أكثر حيادية من الناحية المعرفية، حيث من غير المحتمل أن يقترح المتحدث أن المخاطب سيصاب بالمرض. بغض النظر عن نوع الموقف المعرفي الذي تشير إليه الجمل الشرطية المميزة بـ ruò… shí، يتبنى هذا البحث الموقف التالي حول ما يعتبر دليلاً على أن رابطًا ما قد أصبح شرطياً (أو زمنياً): فقط إذا كان الرابط هو الرابط الوحيد الذي يميز جملة شرطية (أو زمنية) يُعتبر قد أصبح شرطياً (أو زمنياً). هذا الموقف أكثر تقييدًا من موقف إيفرينغ (1995) وجيانغ (2002، 2004)، اللذين يعتبران أمثلة مثل (14) دليلاً كافياً على أن shí شرطية.
| زاو | يعرف | شي | تانووانغ | ق | هاو | لاي. |
| مبكر | يعرف | إذا | زيارة | اذهب | جيد | SFP |
3.3.2 دهوى ‘إذا’
إذا كنت تتحدث عن الضرب، فأنا أريد أن أراه.
هو مرة أخرى يقول قاتل دهواء، أريد أن أرى جين.
جيانغزو لي.
قائد SFP
إذا قال (أي) كلمات عن القتال مرة أخرى، فسأذهب لرؤية قائده (لأبلغ عن الأمر).
(Qílùdēng,1918;Yap et al. 2017:3)
في الماندرين الحديث، قد تكون dehuà العلامة الوحيدة لجملة شرطية، كما في (17)، وهو سياق تبديل، حيث يكون تفسيرها الأصلي غير معقول.
إذا لم يكن بإمكانك، فلن يطلب منك أحد.
هو غير قادر إذا لم يوظفه الناس.
إذا لم يكن قادراً، فلن يقوم الناس بتوظيفه.
(وانغ 2017: 120)
3.3.3 دهواء ‘متى’
dāng nǐ yùdào cuòzhé dehuà nǐ bùfáng.
when you encounter setback dehuà you might.as.well
'When/if you experience a setback, you might as well...'
في كل مرة أضربها، كانت تخبر والدي.
(20) – (22) هي سياقات تبديل حيث dehuà هو العلامة الوحيدة لشرط زمني. في (20)، تشير الجملة الأولى إلى نقطة زمنية محددة في الماضي وتُميز بواسطة deshihòu ‘عندما’ في نهاية الجملة. يتم إعادة صياغة الجملة على الفور بواسطة جملة مُعلمة بـ dehuà.
إغلاق
لذا، عندما بدأت للتو في القدوم إلى هنا، عندما كنت قد بدأت للتو، شعرت بأنني أقرب إلى الطلاب من هونغ كونغ وماكاو.
(21) هو مقطع مكتوب من برنامج تلفزيوني. قبل (21)، سأل المضيف الجمهور سؤالاً متعدد الخيارات. بعد أن انتهوا من الاختيار، سأل عما اختاروه ولماذا. ثم نطق المتحدث (21)، حيث تشير الجملة الشرطية المميزة بـ dehuà إلى الوقت الذي كان فيه الجمهور يختار.
أعتقد أنه عندما كنا نختار قبل قليل، اختار الكثير من الناس الخيار الثاني.
(22)A:إلا إذا ذهبتم أولاً، ثم امتحنتم، إذا انتهيت من الامتحان
| يَابُوْرَان | أنتم | شيان | ثم | كاؤ | كاؤ | 我 |
| ماذا لو | أنتم جميعًا | الأول | اذهب | و | اجتياز الامتحان | اجتياز الامتحان |
| كاؤ | وان | دهوا. | ||||
| اجتياز الامتحان | إنهاء | متى |
لقد انتهيت من الاختبار، لحسن الحظ لم يكن هناك.
لقد انتهيت من الامتحان للتو. لذلك، حدث أنه لم يكن لديك.
الأشياء لذيذة.
شيء جيد للأكل
ماذا لو ذهبتم جميعًا أولاً وعندما أنتهي من… الامتحان…
ب: (عندما) تنتهي وتأتي، لن يتبقى شيء جيد لتأكله.
وزمني في نقطة واحدة (1995: 74)، لكنه لا يذكر أي استخدام زمني لـ dehuà.
4 مناقشة
4.1 الشكوك حول الشرطي > الزمني
كشيء غير نمطي، دون تحدي المفترض أن يكون نمطيًا للزمني > الشرطي، بقدر ما يتعلق الأمر باليابانية.
4.2 اتجاهية التغيير
يمكن اعتبار الزمني > الشرطي لا يزال كأحادي الاتجاه: إنه السيناريو الافتراضي، أي كيف نتوقع عادةً أن يتغير النحو. على هذا الأساس، يمكننا أن نجادل بأن الزمني > الشرطي هو أكثر احتمالًا إحصائيًا من الشرطي > الزمني، إذا أخذنا جميع اللغات المذكورة في تراوجوت (1985) وكوتيفا وآخرون (2019) على أنها أدلة للزمني > الشرطي. هذا ليس بدون مشاكل، نظرًا لتحيزهم نحو الأحادية الاتجاه. لم يكن الاتجاه العكسي مثبتًا جيدًا في وقت تراوجوت (1985). يستشهد كوتيفا وآخرون (2019) ببيانات فراجزينجير (1996) دعمًا للزمني > الشرطي، لكنهم يتجاهلون أدلته للشرطي > الزمني.
4.3 الغموض النحوي، الاتجاه الثنائي والانتظام
4.3.1 الغموض النحوي والاتجاه الثنائي
أن بعض التركيبات الصينية (بالمعنى الذي قدمه غولدبرغ 1995) تشكل سياقات جسرية حيث تكون النماذج والشرطيات متكافئة. مثل هذه التركيبات لا تمتلك رسميًا أنماط توزيع تميز بين النماذج والشرطيات وتعبّر وظيفيًا عن أفعال الكلام التوجيهية، التي يمكن أن تؤديها كل من النماذج والشرطيات. لذلك، قد تحدث تغييرات ثنائية الاتجاه في مثل هذه التركيبات لعدة نماذج وشرطيات في الصينية. فراجزينجير (1996)، الذي تم تجاهله كثيرًا في الأدبيات، يستند أيضًا إلى التكافؤ الرسمي (قيوده ‘الترميز’) وكذلك التكافؤ الوظيفي (أي السياقات المستقبلية) لشرح الاتجاه الثنائي.
4.3.2 الاتجاه الثنائي كمنتظم
4.3.3 الحجج المضادة والأدلة المضادة
غير محدد إلى حد كبير، لأن المعنى، الذي يحفز القواعد، هو نفسه مفتوح النهاية ومتغير. يلاحظ هوبر (2011: 26) أن “الهيكل النحوي دائمًا مؤقت وزائل” و”[هذه] المؤقتة للقواعد تتبع مباشرة من القرار لدراسة اللغة المنطوقة في سياقها الطبيعي”؛ انظر أيضًا هوبر (1987). بمعنى آخر، الهيكل المورفوسينتاكتيكي قابل للتشكيل بشكل كبير، ومفتوح لـ (إعادة) التفسير والتفاوض السياقي. هذه النظرة المدفوعة بالخطاب تتوافق مع الملاحظات التي تم تقديمها حول الغموض في هذه الورقة: الهيكل المورفوسينتاكتيكي (مثل الترتيب الهرمي للزمانيات والشرطيات) ليس مميزًا كما يُفترض في النظريات غير المعتمدة على الاستخدام، ولكنه قد يتم تحييده سياقيًا. في غياب أي تمييز رسمي ووظيفي، يكون الغموض هو الافتراضي، إن لم يكن التفسير الوحيد المعقول، في سياق الخطاب الطبيعي.
5 استنتاجات
العائلات، الشادية، اليابانية والصينية. وذلك على الرغم من أن الشرطيات أكثر نحوية من الزمنيات، وبالتالي نتوقع أن تتطور الزمنيات إلى شرطيات. يُفترض أن الغموض النحوي بين الزمنيات والشرطيات في السياقات الجسرية في اللغات يميز ويمكّن كلا الاتجاهين من التطور، من الزمن إلى الشرط والعكس بالعكس. يُعرف الغموض النحوي بالتكافؤ النحوي، أي الخصائص الشكلية والوظيفية المشتركة بالتساوي بين الفئات في سياقات محددة. لذلك، بدلاً من استخدام مفاهيم عدم التكافؤ لوصف أي من الاتجاهين أو كليهما على أنهما عكسيان وبالتالي غير منتظمين أو غير نمطيين إلى حد ما، يُقترح أن كلا الاتجاهين من التطور في اللغات هما عمليات منتظمة من التغيير النحوي. إذا تم تعريف النحوية على أنها عملية منتظمة، ولكن ليس بالضرورة أحادية الاتجاه، فقد تكون النحوية ثنائية الاتجاه إذا تم تمكينها بواسطة الغموض النحوي. أي أن الانتظام لا يحتاج إلى أن يكون أحادي الاتجاه.
اختصار غير لايبزيغ
جزيء نهائي للجملة
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- *Corresponding author: Yueh Hsin Kuo, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan, E-mail: ykuo@nccu.edu.tw. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5794-7145
- 1 The literature typically characterizes temporals like when as markers of temporal overlap or simultaneity (e.g. Longacre 2007), but Guerrero (2021:35) remarks that “if there is a when-clause in a language, it can locate the event of the adverbial clause earlier, later, or around the same time as the main clause” and proposes that they are “unspecific”.
- 2 The literature, including Dancygier and Sweetser (2005: 53), sometimes discusses the function of a connective without referencing its protasis. I assume what they mean is that we may generalize over a connective and its protasis and assign functions such as epistemic stance to the connective at a schematic level.
and – are sometimes segmented into – and – , where and are respectively ‘irrealis’ and ‘realis’ and is a particle, likely a topic marker etymologically, according to Ohori (1992) and Ohno (1982), cited in Hara (2019:317). Following Martin (1975), Frellesvig (2010) and Bentley (2012), this segmentation is not adopted. 4 I leave aside the possibility that -tara originates from both -tar-aba ‘prf-if’ and -tar-eba ‘prf-when’ (Frellesvig 2010: 327; Shinzato 2015: 161; Unger 2011: 914), as -tar-aba ultimately becomes -tara ‘if; when’. See Section 4.1 for the loss of –and – eba. - 5 A non-connective adverbial meaning such as'(at)this/that time'is expressed by shí in conjunction with a demonstrative(e.g.cil'this'or bǐ'that')in non-clause-final positions.
- 6 Conditional protases are topics in general(Haiman 1978).This distinction between conditional dehuà and topic-marking dehuà does not deny the fact that conditional protases marked by dehuà are (broadly defined)topics or that conditional dehuà is a topic marker.
- 7 Joseph’s (2005) ‘lateral shifts’ refer to cases where the source and outcome items are equal in grammatical status. They are different from the cases considered here: outside bridging contexts, the grams (modals, temporals and conditionals) have different grammatical statuses. Furthermore, bridging contexts are typically construed as ambiguous, rather than vague. This issue lies outside the scope of the paper; see Kuo and Dietrich (Forthcoming).
On the directionality from temporal to conditional
Received May 26, 2023; accepted June 20, 2025; published online July 15, 2025
Abstract
This paper examines the purportedly unidirectional process from temporal connective to conditional connective. As conditionals developed into temporals and vice versa in Chadic languages, Japanese and Mandarin, unidirectionality in the strict sense is unlikely, even though conditionals are more grammatical than temporals. As the bidirectional changes likely originated in contexts where formal and functional equivalence held between temporals and conditionals and their morphosyntactic distinction was vague, it is proposed that the changes are regular processes mediated by morphosyntactic vagueness. The proposal thus suggests that grammatical change may be regularly bidirectional. Grammaticalization, if defined in terms of regularity rather than unidirectionality, may be bidirectional, too.
1 Introduction
2 Temporal > Conditional
2.1 Sources of conditionals
(Traugott 1985: 295)
Traugott (1985: 295) notes that when in (1) approximates a conditional if the interpretation is “on all those occasions when Bill came home”, rather than “on a specific occasion when Bill came home”. The former interpretation is generic with past time reference and a context where a temporal may begin to develop into a conditional. The latter interpretation is not generic, as it describes a one-off occurrence. In short, if the connection between two situations is generic, temporal relations may be understood conditionally and a temporal may be interpreted as a conditional.
2.2 Conditionals are more grammatical than temporals
(2) If he decides to file the suit, the hospital’s lawyers will be allowed to interview him for discovery.
(Paretsky 1999: 316)
(3) When he decides to file the suit, the hospital’s lawyers will be allowed to interview him for discovery.
(Dancygier and Sweetser 2005: 48)
In (2) the speaker is neutral with respect to whether ‘he decides to…’ is likely or not. In (3), the speaker is confident that ‘he will decide to…’.
(TAM) combinations; see Podlesskaya (2001) for a typological survey. Dancygier and Sweetser (2005) call such TAM markers (modally) ‘distanced verb forms’ in English, as they signal the speaker’s epistemic (di)stance. Specifically, what is an otherwise past verb form may be used in conditional protases to express epistemic (di)stance, rather than past reference in English. For example, in (4), which should be read with future reference to illustrate the contrast between (2) and (4), the past form decided distances the default stance in (2), making the if-clause in (4) more negative epistemically than the one in (2).
(4) If he decided to file the suit, the hospital’s lawyers would be allowed to interview him for discovery.
(Dancygier and Sweetser 2005: 48)
Notably, a modal reading of temporally distanced verb forms is generally not available in temporal protases; when a past verb form occurs there, it has past reference (Verstraete 2007: 194), but does not signal epistemic distance; compare (4). This is because temporals specify positive epistemic stance that cannot be distanced (i.e. rhetorically manipulated). Noting that conditional protases have “more possibilities of manipulating time reference”, Comrie (1982: 144) remarks such possibilities “do not carry over to temporal clauses”. Auer (2008: 175-177) also notes that clauses marked by German wenn ‘when; if’ “oscillate between a temporal and conditional reading in the indicative mood”, but are conditional in the subjunctive. That is, conditional wenn sanctions more TAM markers and functions.
(5) And if this guy figures out the relationship between us, which he will if he puts any energy into the matter, then he’ll know it was you with me at the Coolis hospital…
(Dancygier and Sweetser 2005: 53; Paretsky 1999: 311)
Dancygier and Sweetser (2005: 53) thus remark: “if is indeterminate between a range of stances including almost everything except complete positive stance.”
3 From conditional to temporal and back again
3.1 Chadic languages
(6) má kédziyí genaké Yeŋú.
when go.over tell John
‘When you are there tell John …’ (Smith 1969:122)
3.2 Japanese
protases ‘when; since’ (Hasada 1997: 279; Frellesvig 2010). (7) contains one of the earliest examples of -tar-aba, which, given the contrast with -tar-eba, has a conditional interpretation, but not a temporal one.
| okitsumo-no-hana | saki-tar-aba | ware | ni | tsuge | koso. |
| duckweed-Gen-flower | bloom-prf-if | me | to | tell.Imp | SFp |
| ‘If the duckweed flowers have bloomed (in the ocean), please let | me know.’ | ||||
| (Manyooshuu, 8th century; Shinzato 2015: 162) |
|
|
misur-eba | tsuki | katabuki-nu. |
|
|
see-when | moon | setting-prf |
‘If/when (I) go to Japan, (I will) call (you).’ (Fujii 2018: 570)
| asa | denki |
|
tsuk-eba | niwa | no | inu |
|
| morning | light | NOM | turn.on-eba | backyard | GEN | dog | NOM |
| isseini | hoe-hajimeta. | ||||||
| at.once | bark-started | ||||||
| ‘When(ever)/if the lights were turned on in the morning, the dog(s) in the | |||||||
| backyard would start to bark all at once.’ (Fujii 2018: 562) |
| (…) senaka wo nagashite-kudasee to it-tara… | babaame | ga | ||||
| back Acc | wash-give.Imp | Quot | say-when | hag | NOM | |
| tawashi | wo motte kiyagatte | o-senaka | wo | |||
| (pot)scrubbing.brush | Acc bring | came | HOR-back | Acc | ||
| araimashoo | ka to | nukashiyagaru. | ||||
| wash | Q QUOT | say |
(Shinzato 2015: 163)
(12),also a switch context,shows that-eba is a conditional,as it marks a counter- factual conditional protasis(with a morphologically regular
sōki ni shujutsu wo shitei-reba tabun yoku
early at surgery acc do.asp-if perhaps well
natteita darō.
become.asp.pst sfp
'If(she)had had an operation at an early stage,she would have perhaps recovered.’
(Fujii 2018:561).
3.3 Mandarin
3.3.1 Shí'when;if'
若來時,如何祇對他?
ruò lái shí rúhé zhǐduì tà.
if come when how answer him
"If/when he comes,how should we answer him?"
(Zǔtángjí,10th century;Eifring 1995:361)
| ruò |
|
le | bìng | shí | ná | chūlái | chī | yì | wán |
| if | start | prF | illness | when | take | out | eat | one | pill |
(Hongloumeng,1791;Eifring 1995:362)
This inconsistency is likely due to the fact that protases marked by ruò… shí vary in epistemic stance,like the one marked by-tara in(9).While'he comes'in(13)may be epistemically more positive,as the context suggests that the speaker is sure of it,'you get ill'in(14)is epistemically more neutral,as the speaker is unlikely to suggest that the addressee will get ill.Regardless of exactly what kind of epistemic stance that protases marked by ruò...shí signal,this paper adopts the following position on what counts as evidence that a connective has become a conditional(or temporal):Only if a connective is the sole connective marking a conditional(or temporal)protasis is it considered as having become a conditional(or temporal).This position is more restricted than that of Eifring(1995)and Jiang(2002,2004),who consider examples like(14)as sufficient evidence for shí as conditional.
| zǎo | zhīdào | shí | tànwàng | qù | hǎo | lái. |
| early | know | if | visit | go | good | SFP |
3.3.2 Dehuà'if'
tā zài shuō dǎ dehuà wǒ jiù yào jiàn tā de
he again say fight dehuà I then want see he gen
jiāngzhǔ li.
commander sfp
'If he says(any)words about fighting again,I will then see his commander (to report the matter).'
(Qílùdēng,1918;Yap et al.2017:3)
In Present-Day Mandarin,dehuà may be the sole marker of a conditional sentence,as in(17),a switch context,where its original interpretation is implausible.
tā bù kěyǐ dehuà rénjiā bù huì qǐng tā de.
he not capable if people not will hire him sfp
"If he were not capable,people would not hire him."
(Wang 2017:120)
3.3.3 Dehuà'when'
dāng nǐ yùdào cuòzhé dehuà nǐ bùfáng.
when you encounter setback dehuà you might.as.well
'When/if you experience a setback, you might as well...'
měi cì wǒ dǎ tā dehuà jiù huì gēn bàba jiǎng. every time I hit she dehuà then will with dad tell 'Every time I hit her,she would tell Dad.'
(20)-(22)are switch contexts where dehuà is the sole marker of a temporal protasis.In(20),the first clause refers to a specific past point in time and is marked by a clause-final temporal deshihòu'when'.The clause is immediately rephrased by a clause marked by dehuà.
close
"So,when I had just begun coming here,when I had only just begun,I felt closer with students from Hong Kong and Macao."
(21)is a transcribed passage from a TV show.Prior to(21),the host asked the audience a multiple-choice question.After they finished choosing,she asked what they had chosen and why.The speaker then uttered(21),where the protasis marked by dehuà refers to the time when the audience were choosing.
wǒ xiǎng gānggāng xuǎnzé dehuà hěnduō rén dōu xuǎnzé dièr ge. I think just.now choose when many people all choose second clf 'I think when we were choosing just now,many people chose the second one.’
(22)A:要不然你們先去,然後考,考,我考完的話
| yàobùrán | nǐmen | xiān | qù ránhòu | kǎo | kǎo | wǒ |
| what.if | you.all | first | go | and | take.exam | take.exam |
| kǎo | wán | dehuà. | ||||
| take.exam | finish | when |
nǐ kǎo wán le qù gānghǎo méi yǒu
you take.exam finish pfv go just.so.happens have not
dōngxī hào chī.
thing good eat
'A:What if you all go first and when I am done with,with… the exam…'
'B:(When)you are done and come over,there will be nothing good left to eat.'
and a temporal at one point (1995: 74), but does not mention any temporal use of dehuà.
4 Discussion
4.1 Skepticisms about Conditional > Temporal
as something atypical, without simultaneously challenging the supposed typicality of Temporal > Conditional, as far as Japanese is considered.
4.2 Directionality of change
grammatical gram. Temporal > Conditional could still be considered as unidirectional: it is the default scenario, i.e. how we would typically expect grammar to change. On this basis, we could further argue that Temporal > Conditional is statistically more likely than Conditional > Temporal, if we take all the languages cited in Traugott (1985) and Kuteva et al. (2019) at face value as evidence for Temporal > Conditional. This is not unproblematic, given their bias for unidirectionality. Counterdirectionality was not well-established at the time of Traugott (1985). Kuteva et al. (2019) cite Frajzyngier’s (1996) data in support of Temporal > Conditional, but ignore his evidence for Conditional > Temporal.
4.3 Morphosyntactic vagueness, bidirectionality and regularity
4.3.1 Morphosyntactic vagueness and bidirectionality
show that some Mandarin constructions (in the sense of Goldberg 1995) constitute bridging contexts where modals and conditionals are equivalent. Such constructions formally possess no distributional patterns that distinguish between modals and conditionals and functionally express directive speech acts, which both modals and conditionals can perform. Bidirectional changes in such constructions therefore have happened to multiple modals and conditionals in Mandarin. Frajzyngier (1996), much overlooked in the literature, also draws on formal equivalence (his ‘coding constraints’) as well functional one (i.e. future contexts) to explain bidirectionality.
4.3.2 Bidirectionality as regular
4.3.3 Counterarguments and counterevidence
indeterminate to a significant extent, because meaning, which motivates grammar, is itself open-ended and variable. Hopper (2011: 26) remarks that “a grammatical structure is always temporary and ephemeral” and “[this] provisionality of grammar follows directly from the decision to study spoken language in its natural setting”; see also Hopper (1987). That is, morphosyntactic structure is highly malleable, open to (re)interpretation and contextual negotiation. This discourse-driven view is compatible with the observations made about vagueness in this paper: morphosyntactic structure (e.g. the hierarchical ordering of temporals and conditionals) is not as distinctive as assumed in non-usage-based theories, but potentially neutralized contextually. In the absence of any formal and functional differentiation, vagueness is the default, if not the only plausible, interpretation in a natural discourse setting.
5 Conclusions
families, Chadic, Japonic and Sinitic. This is despite the fact that conditionals are more grammatical than temporals and therefore we would expect temporals to develop into conditionals. Morphosyntactic vagueness between temporals and conditionals in bridging contexts in the languages is hypothesized to characterize and enable both directions of development, from temporal to conditional and vice versa. Morphosyntactic vagueness is defined by grammatical equivalence, i.e. formal and functional properties shared equally between categories in specific contexts. Therefore, rather than using notions of non-equivalence to brand either or both directions as counterdirectional and thus somewhat irregular or atypical, it is proposed that both directions of development in the languages are regular processes of grammatical change. If grammaticalization is defined as a regular process, but not necessarily a unidirectional one, grammaticalization may be bidirectional if enabled by morphosyntactic vagueness. That is, regularity need not be unidirectionality.
Non-Leipzig abbreviation
sentence final particle
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- *Corresponding author: Yueh Hsin Kuo, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan, E-mail: ykuo@nccu.edu.tw. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5794-7145
- 1 The literature typically characterizes temporals like when as markers of temporal overlap or simultaneity (e.g. Longacre 2007), but Guerrero (2021:35) remarks that “if there is a when-clause in a language, it can locate the event of the adverbial clause earlier, later, or around the same time as the main clause” and proposes that they are “unspecific”.
- 2 The literature, including Dancygier and Sweetser (2005: 53), sometimes discusses the function of a connective without referencing its protasis. I assume what they mean is that we may generalize over a connective and its protasis and assign functions such as epistemic stance to the connective at a schematic level.
and – are sometimes segmented into – and – , where and are respectively ‘irrealis’ and ‘realis’ and is a particle, likely a topic marker etymologically, according to Ohori (1992) and Ohno (1982), cited in Hara (2019:317). Following Martin (1975), Frellesvig (2010) and Bentley (2012), this segmentation is not adopted. 4 I leave aside the possibility that -tara originates from both -tar-aba ‘prf-if’ and -tar-eba ‘prf-when’ (Frellesvig 2010: 327; Shinzato 2015: 161; Unger 2011: 914), as -tar-aba ultimately becomes -tara ‘if; when’. See Section 4.1 for the loss of –and – eba. - 5 A non-connective adverbial meaning such as'(at)this/that time'is expressed by shí in conjunction with a demonstrative(e.g.cil'this'or bǐ'that')in non-clause-final positions.
- 6 Conditional protases are topics in general(Haiman 1978).This distinction between conditional dehuà and topic-marking dehuà does not deny the fact that conditional protases marked by dehuà are (broadly defined)topics or that conditional dehuà is a topic marker.
- 7 Joseph’s (2005) ‘lateral shifts’ refer to cases where the source and outcome items are equal in grammatical status. They are different from the cases considered here: outside bridging contexts, the grams (modals, temporals and conditionals) have different grammatical statuses. Furthermore, bridging contexts are typically construed as ambiguous, rather than vague. This issue lies outside the scope of the paper; see Kuo and Dietrich (Forthcoming).
