DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09841-2
تاريخ النشر: 2024-01-15
نظرية الحمل المعرفي وعلاقاتها بالدافعية: منظور نظرية تحديد الذات
© المؤلفون 2024، نشر مصحح 2024
الملخص
على الرغم من أن أبحاث نظرية الحمل المعرفي قد درست العوامل المرتبطة بالدافع، إلا أن هذه الأدبيات قد تم تطويرها بشكل أساسي بمعزل عن بعضها البعض. في هذه المساهمة، هدفنا إلى تعزيز كلا المجالين من خلال دراسة تأثيرات استراتيجيات التعليم على تجربة المتعلمين من الحمل المعرفي والدافع والانخراط والإنجاز. أكمل الطلاب (
نظرية الحمل المعرفي
الدعم والإرشاد التعليمي (إيفانز ومارتن، 2023أ؛ كيرشنر وآخرون، 2006؛ سويلر، 2015).
الحمل المعرفي والدافع
في دراسة لطلاب العلوم في المدارس الثانوية، كانت المشاركة وسيطًا في تأثيرات تعليم تقليل الحمل على الإنجاز، مع تأثيرات كبيرة على مستوى الطلاب والفصول الدراسية (مارتن، جينز، بيرنز، كينيت، مونرو-سميث، وآخرون، 2021b).
نظرية تحديد الذات
تؤثر أسلوب التعليم على الدافعية، وقد توفر تجربة الحمل المعرفي تفسيرًا لسبب حدوث ذلك. في الدراسة الحالية، كما توضح الأقسام التالية، ركزنا على دور أسلوب تحفيز المعلم.
أساليب تحفيز المعلمين

دعم الاستقلالية، الهيكل، والعبء المعرفي
نحو الأنشطة الضرورية للتعلم، مما يقلل من نسبة العبء المعرفي الذي هو خارجي. دعم الاستقلالية هو عمومًا تجربة عاطفية إيجابية، مما يعني أنه قد يؤثر على معتقدات التنظيم الذاتي ويعزز استثمار الجهد العقلي (بلاس وكاليغا، 2019). على سبيل المثال، أظهر دعم الاستقلالية أنه يزيد من جهد الدراسة ويقلل من التسويف على مدار عام دراسي (موراتيديس وآخرون، 2018). بالمقارنة مع التدريس الداعم للاستقلالية، يؤدي التدريس المسيطر إلى سلوكيات واستجابات عاطفية تتطلب موارد انتباهية وتعيق التعلم. في ظل ظروف السيطرة، يجب على الطلاب أن يكونوا قلقين بشأن تجنب المشاكل، وعدم إزعاج المعلم، والامتثال للتوقعات، وإدارة الآثار السلبية لإحباط الاحتياجات النفسية (باتال وآخرون، 2018؛ ريف وآخرون، 2011ب؛ سونينز وآخرون، 2012)، ولا شيء من ذلك يساهم مباشرة في التعلم.
أهداف الدراسة
الطريقة
المشاركون والإجراءات
القياسات
مقياس تعليم تقليل العبء (LRIS)
| الإحصائيات الوصفية والارتباطات. | 1 | 2 | ٣ | ٤ | ٥ | ٦ | ٧ | ٨ |
| 1. تعليمات تقليل الحمل | ||||||||
| 2. الحمل المعرفي الزائد | -. 679 – | |||||||
| 3. الحمل المعرفي الجوهري | -. 207 | . 512 | – | |||||
| 4. الدافع (RAI) | . ٥٥١ | -. 519 | -. 370 | – | ||||
| 5. المشاركة | . 646 | -. 517 | -. 385 | . 772 | – | |||
| 6. الانفصال | -. 384 | . 463 | . ٢٠٣ | -. 496 | -. 402 | – | ||
| 7. الدرجة المبلغ عنها من قبل الطالب | . ٢٥١ | -. 324 | -. 404 | . 354 | . 473 | -. 186 | – | |
| 8. الدرجة المبلغ عنها من المدرسة | . ١٣٢ | -. 184 | -. 252 | . 182 | . 229 | -. 203 | . 389 | – |
| عمر | -. 094 | . 028 | -. 001 | -. 066 | -. 094 | . 020 | -. 016 | -. 034 |
| جنس | -. 036 | . 001 | . 061 | . 002 | -. 053 | -. 101 | -. 058 | . ١٠٨ |
| SES | . 093 | -. 060 | -. 044 | . 043 | . 111 | -. 137 | . 140 | . 071 |
| M | ٥.٠٢٦ | ٣.٠٥٨ | ٣.٥١١ | 17.854 | ٤.٨٨٦ | ٢.٥٤٢ | 73.137 | ٢.٧٨٩ |
| SD | 1.356 | 1.584 | 1.483 | ٤.٩٧٩ | 1.083 | 1.383 | 13.472 | . 862 |
| ICC | . 299 | . 242 | . 125 | . ١١٩ | . 177 | . 098 | . 178 | . 453 |
| ICC2 | . 861 | . ٨٢٢ | . 675 | . 664 | . 758 | . 612 | . 744 | . ٨٨٧ |
| أوميغا | . 922 | . 936 | . 916 | . 955 | . 857 | . 842 | – | – |
عبء معرفي
طلاب الرياضيات في المدارس (مارتن وإيفانز، 2018). وجدت مراجعة لهذا النهج في قياس الحمل المعرفي في الدراسات التجريبية (كريغلشتاين وآخرون، 2022) أدلة قوية على الاتساق الداخلي وصلاحية البناء.
أسلوب تحفيز المعلم
تحفيز
الخطوبة
فك الارتباط
الدرجات
تحليل البيانات
تم التنبؤ بالانسحاب والإنجاز من خلال الحمل المعرفي، ومن ثم تعليم تقليل الحمل. تم تضمين العمر والجنس والوضع الاجتماعي الاقتصادي في النموذج كمتغيرات مصاحبة (أي، تتنبأ بجميع العوامل الأخرى في النموذج). تم تقدير النموذج أولاً كنموذج قياس (تحليل العوامل التأكيدية) مع تقدير جميع الارتباطات الكامنة بحرية، قبل فرض قيود الانحدار (الهيكلية). لم نقم بطرح أي فرضيات (أو نتائج) فيما يتعلق بالوساطة حيث أن النموذج يعتمد على بيانات مقطعية، ولكن من أجل الاكتمال، نبلغ أيضًا عن التأثيرات غير المباشرة. لمعالجة الهدف 2، درسنا أسلوب تحفيز المعلم. باستخدام الهيكل الدائري لأسلوب تحفيز المعلم، قمنا بربط المجالات الفرعية المختلفة داخل نموذج الدائرة بتعليم تقليل الحمل، والحمل المعرفي الداخلي والخارجي، والدافع، والانخراط، والإنجاز. توقعنا نمطًا جيبيًا من الارتباطات بين الأنماط المميزة في الدائرة والنتائج المختلفة المقيمة.
النتائج
الهدف 1: النتائج التحفيزية لتعليم تقليل الحمل

الهدف 2: تأثير أسلوب تحفيز المعلم على الحمل المعرفي

نقاش
عبء المعرفة كعامل سابق للتحفيز والانخراط والتعلم
على سبيل المثال، اقترح أن تجربة الحمل المعرفي الخارجي قد تؤثر على المعتقدات التحفيزية – تحديدًا تقييمات التكلفة، بسبب الجهد المتزايد الذي سيكون مطلوبًا في التفاعلات اللاحقة مع أنشطة التعلم (فيلدون وآخرون، 2019) ومعتقدات الكفاءة الذاتية (فيلدون وآخرون، 2018). كلا البناءين يتعلقان بتوقعات النتائج والجهد المدرك. من خلال تفعيل بناء الدافع الذاتي المستقل، تُظهر الدراسة الحالية أن تقليل الحمل المعرفي قد يسهل أيضًا استيعاب القيمة وتوافق مهام التعلم مع الذات.
أسلوب المعلم التحفيزي والعبء المعرفي
هيكل وأساس الأنشطة التعليمية للطلاب، ورعاية تقدم الطلاب نحو أهداف التعلم. تم دعم نموذج المعلم الدافع (Aelterman & Vansteenkiste، 2023) من خلال البيانات، حيث تم تحديد مستوى ثنائي الأبعاد (أي، تقاطع مستوى دعم الاحتياجات مع مستوى التوجيه) الذي يحدد ثمانية مجالات فرعية قابلة للتحديد. كما تم الافتراض، كانت الأنماط المكتشفة مرتبطة بطريقة مرتبة (أي، جيبية)، حيث كانت المجالات الفرعية المجاورة مرتبطة إيجابيًا، وأصبح النمط يتناقص إيجابيًا وحتى سلبيًا عند الانتقال إلى المجال الفرعي المقابل في النموذج الدائري (Gurtman & Pincus، 2003). عند تنفيذ هذا المقياس، حافظنا على موثوقية هذه الأداة الجديدة (أي، SIS) بما يتجاوز استخدامها السابق في عينات بلجيكية (Aelterman et al.، 2019b) إلى نسخة إنجليزية مع طلاب أستراليين.
ملاحظة حول نظريات الدافع
القيود والاتجاهات للبحوث المستقبلية
في استراتيجيات التعليم (دومين وآخرون، 2020). وبالتالي، للبحوث المستقبلية، نوصي بدراسات تشمل حجم عينة كافٍ على مستوى الفصل لأخذ التباين بين الطلاب والفصول في الاعتبار.
الخاتمة
المتعلمين للانخراط بشكل أعمق في تعلمهم، وقد تدفع المتعلمين حتى للشعور بالإحباط والانفصال. كما أن النتائج الحالية لها تداعيات على المعلمين واستخدامهم لاستراتيجيات التدريس: استراتيجيات تقليل الحمل التعليمي تقلل من الحمل المعرفي وتكون محفزة وجذابة في حد ذاتها. استنادًا إلى هذه النتائج، يبدو أن هناك خطرًا ضئيلًا يواجه الدافع والانخراط من استخدام استراتيجيات التدريس الصريحة لتقليل الحمل المعرفي. خارج استراتيجيات التدريس، فإن أسلوب تحفيز المعلم نفسه له عواقب: محاولات تحفيز الطلاب باستخدام الحوافز الخارجية، أو المطالب المفرطة، أو نقص الهيكل تشكل مخاطر على الطلاب من حيث زيادة الحمل المعرفي وتقليل الدافع والانخراط.
الوصول المفتوح هذه المقالة مرخصة بموجب رخصة المشاع الإبداعي للاستخدام والمشاركة والتكيف والتوزيع وإعادة الإنتاج في أي وسيلة أو صيغة، طالما أنك تعطي الائتمان المناسب للمؤلفين الأصليين والمصدر، وتوفر رابطًا لرخصة المشاع الإبداعي، وتوضح ما إذا كانت هناك تغييرات قد أُجريت. الصور أو المواد الأخرى من طرف ثالث في هذه المقالة مشمولة في رخصة المشاع الإبداعي للمقالة، ما لم يُذكر خلاف ذلك في سطر ائتمان للمادة. إذا لم تكن المادة مشمولة في رخصة المشاع الإبداعي للمقالة واستخدامك المقصود غير مسموح به بموجب اللوائح القانونية أو يتجاوز الاستخدام المسموح به، ستحتاج إلى الحصول على إذن مباشرة من صاحب حقوق الطبع والنشر. لعرض نسخة من هذه الرخصة، قم بزيارةhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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- Paul Evans
paul.evans@unsw.edu.au
School of Education, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium 3 Institute for Positive Psychology in Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
4 Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09841-2
Publication Date: 2024-01-15
Cognitive Load Theory and Its Relationships with Motivation: a Self-Determination Theory Perspective
© The Author(s) 2024, corrected publication 2024
Abstract
Although cognitive load theory research has studied factors associated with motivation, these literatures have primarily been developed in isolation from each other. In this contribution, we aimed to advance both fields by examining the effects of instructional strategies on learners’ experience of cognitive load, motivation, engagement, and achievement. Students (
Cognitive Load Theory
instructional support and guidance (Evans & Martin, 2023a; Kirschner et al., 2006; Sweller, 2015).
Cognitive Load and Motivation
& Evans, 2018). In a study of high school science students, engagement mediated the effects of load reduction instruction on achievement, with large effects at both student and classroom levels (Martin, Ginns, Burns, Kennett, Munro-Smith, et al., 2021b).
Self-Determination Theory
instructional style affects motivation, and the experience of cognitive load may provide an explanation for why this is the case. In the present study, as the following sections outline, we focused on the role of the teacher’s motivating style.
Teachers’ Motivating Styles

Autonomy Support, Structure, and Cognitive Load
towards activities that are necessary for learning, thus reducing the proportion of cognitive load that is extraneous. Autonomy support is generally a positive affective experience, which means that it may influence self-regulation beliefs and promote the investment of mental effort (Plass & Kalyuga, 2019). For example, autonomy support was shown to increase study effort and decrease procrastination over a school year (Mouratidis et al., 2018). In contrast with autonomy-supportive teaching, controlling teaching results in behaviors and affective responses that require attentional resources and impede learning. Under controlling conditions, students have to be concerned with avoiding trouble, not upsetting the teacher, complying with expectations, and managing the negative effects of psychological needs thwarting (Patall et al., 2018; Reeve & Tseng, 2011b; Soenens et al., 2012), none of which contributes directly to learning.
Aims of the Study
Method
Participants and Procedure
Measures
Load Reduction Instruction Scale (LRIS)
| Descriptive statistics and correlations. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| 1. Load reduction instruction | ||||||||
| 2. Extraneous cognitive load | -. 679 – | |||||||
| 3. Intrinsic cognitive load | -. 207 | . 512 | – | |||||
| 4. Motivation (RAI) | . 551 | -. 519 | -. 370 | – | ||||
| 5. Engagement | . 646 | -. 517 | -. 385 | . 772 | – | |||
| 6. Disengagement | -. 384 | . 463 | . 203 | -. 496 | -. 402 | – | ||
| 7. Student-reported grade | . 251 | -. 324 | -. 404 | . 354 | . 473 | -. 186 | – | |
| 8. School-reported grade | . 132 | -. 184 | -. 252 | . 182 | . 229 | -. 203 | . 389 | – |
| Age | -. 094 | . 028 | -. 001 | -. 066 | -. 094 | . 020 | -. 016 | -. 034 |
| Gender | -. 036 | . 001 | . 061 | . 002 | -. 053 | -. 101 | -. 058 | . 108 |
| SES | . 093 | -. 060 | -. 044 | . 043 | . 111 | -. 137 | . 140 | . 071 |
| M | 5.026 | 3.058 | 3.511 | 17.854 | 4.886 | 2.542 | 73.137 | 2.789 |
| SD | 1.356 | 1.584 | 1.483 | 4.979 | 1.083 | 1.383 | 13.472 | . 862 |
| ICC | . 299 | . 242 | . 125 | . 119 | . 177 | . 098 | . 178 | . 453 |
| ICC2 | . 861 | . 822 | . 675 | . 664 | . 758 | . 612 | . 744 | . 887 |
| Omega | . 922 | . 936 | . 916 | . 955 | . 857 | . 842 | – | – |
Cognitive Load
school mathematics students (Martin & Evans, 2018). A review of this approach to measuring cognitive load in experimental studies (Krieglstein et al., 2022) found strong evidence for internal consistency and construct validity.
Teacher’s Motivating Style
Motivation
Engagement
Disengagement
Grades
Data Analysis
disengagement, and achievement were predicted by cognitive load and, in turn, load reduction instruction. Age, gender, and SES were included in the model as covariates (i.e., predicting all other factors in the model). The model was estimated first as a measurement model (confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)) with all latent correlations freely estimated, before imposing regression (structural) constraints. We did not make any hypotheses (or findings) in relation to mediation as the model is based on cross-sectional data, but for completeness, we also report indirect effects. To address Aim 2, we studied teacher’s motivating style. Using the circumplex structure of the teacher’s motivating style, we correlated the different subareas within the circumplex model with load reduction instruction, intrinsic and extraneous cognitive load, motivation, engagement, and achievement. We expected a sinusoidal pattern of correlations between the discerned styles in the circumplex and the different assessed outcomes.
Results
Aim 1: Motivational Outcomes of Load Reduction Instruction

Aim 2: Effects of Teacher’s Motivation Style on Cognitive Load

Discussion
Cognitive Load as an Antecedent to Motivation, Engagement, and Learning
example, suggested that the experience of extraneous cognitive load may influence motivational beliefs-specifically appraisals of cost, because of the increased effort that would be required on subsequent interactions with learning activities (Feldon et al., 2019) and self-efficacy beliefs (Feldon et al., 2018). Both constructs are concerned with outcome expectations and perceived effort. By operationalizing the SDT construct of autonomous motivation, the present study shows that reducing cognitive load may also facilitate the internalization of value and the alignment of learning tasks with the self.
The Teacher’s Motivating Style and Cognitive Load
structure and rationale of learning activities to students, and to nurture students’ progress towards learning goals. The circumplex model of teachers’ motivating styles (Aelterman & Vansteenkiste, 2023) was supported by the data, identifying a twodimensional plane (i.e., crossing the level of need support with the level of directiveness) situating eight identifiable subareas. As hypothesized, the discerned styles were correlated in an ordered (i.e., sinusoidal) manner, with subareas situated next to each other being positively correlated and the pattern becoming decreasingly positive and even negative when moving to the opposite subarea in the circumplex (Gurtman & Pincus, 2003). In implementing this measure, we upheld the reliability of this new instrument (i.e., the SIS) beyond its previous use in Belgian samples (Aelterman et al., 2019b) to an English version with Australian students.
A Note on Theories of Motivation
Limitations and Directions for Future Research
instructional strategies (Domen et al., 2020). Thus, for future research, we recommend studies that include sufficient sample size at the classroom level to account for variability between both students and classrooms.
Conclusion
learners to engage more deeply in their learning, and may even prompt learners to become frustrated and disengage. The present findings also have implications for teachers and their use of teaching strategies: load reduction instruction strategies reduce cognitive load and are themselves motivating and engaging. Based on these findings, it seems that there is minimal risk posed for motivation and engagement by using explicit teaching strategies to reduce cognitive load. Outside of instructional strategies, the teacher’s motivating style itself has consequences: attempts to motivate students using external contingencies, excessive demands, or a lack of structure pose risks to students in terms of increased cognitive load and reduced motivation and engagement.
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- Paul Evans
paul.evans@unsw.edu.au
School of Education, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium 3 Institute for Positive Psychology in Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
4 Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
